Creating an IT Infrastructure Asset List

Creating an IT Infrastructure addition numerate epitomeThis document was created following Lab 1 titled Creating an IT Infrastructure Asses sway and Identifying Where secretiveness Data Resides in the testing groundoratory manual that accompanies Legal Issues in knowledge Security. The lab focuses on creating an IT summations/inventory check sway organized within the septet domains of IT infrastructure. Identifying assets and applying classifications to each asset and explaining how information classification precedent is linked to customer privateness data and shelter stops. In addition to answering questions presented in the lab, I will also mention 1 piece of hardware, software, or firmware and provide a technical, operational, and managerial control as delimit in SP 800-53 R4.Keywords Asset List, Privacy Data, SP 800-53 R4, Data ClassificationCreating an IT Asset List and Identifying Where Privacy Data ResidesOrganizations who kick inle customer data are progress ively organism attacked by unscrupulous actors. wiz of the about sought afterwards and stolen data is the organizations private customer data. The theft of this information shag be used for a variety of reasons including identicalness theft. The aegis of this pregnant privacy data is best apply with a well-planned strategy focused on minimizing the risk of improper disclosure.An asset is everything that contains value to the organization. Inventory is considered part of an asset. The mapping for chance oning assets and inventory is to quantify them and provide insight of threats to each asset. This is accomplished by using Risk Management. Asset Identification is more than creating a list of the hardware and software in the computer, it must include the information, or data, that is neat on those computers (Kadel, 2004). Part of the credit should not only be what the assets are, scarce also who in the organization is responsible for the asset. Once an organization has place all the assets they shadow assign a value, and classification to the asset. It is all essential(p) to arrest asset and inventory documentation updated when assets are added or removed from the organization.Asset classification is a process in which each asset set is given a classification. The organizations security department policy should gather mention of germane(predicate) marks for classification. The lab manual offers the following three classifications Critical, Major, and Minor. One purpose of asset classification is to label an asset so it receives an appropriate level of antifertility covering. This label studys to be defined by upper level guidance but the IT and security staff is then responsible for machineing the undeniable controls. It is important that senior management make this decision. Without data classification information protection decisions are beingness made every twenty-four hour period at the slightness of security, system, and data base administrators (Fowler, 2003).An organizations Web site would be classified advertisement as minor in this scenario because it is required for normal business ladders and operations. The e-commerce waiter on the other hand would be considered critical because of what the asset does and the type of data it holds. In the lab manual, the web server Linux Server 2 is responsible for hosting the web site. Its function is required for normal business functions but does not contain any information to warrant it being classified as Major and does not represent an gifted property asset or generate revenue. The e-commerce server on the other hand does generate revenue and is considered as an clever property asset. It also contains a customer database subset which contains information that needs to be protected.One reason customer privacy data would be classified as critical is to meet compliance guidelines. For example, the Gramm-Leach-Biley Act (GLBA) is a law that was passed in 1 999 by congress. It requires financial institutions to protect Nonpublic Personal information. One section, cognize as the safeguards rule required federal bank restrictive agencies to issue security standards to organizations they regulate. If an organization does not follow the law, they can be penalized.The most compelling reason to classify information is to satisfy regulatory mandates. For example, the Gramm Leach Bliley and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Acts mandate information protection controls for financial and checkup organizations, respectively. Although information classification is not specified as a required protection measure, it is implied by special handling requirements for sensitive, medical and financial information (Fowler, 2003).Intellectual property would be considered critical because it is intellectual property. Intellectual property by its nature should be handled as critical. assume the following example, your organization makes the best widgets, because they are the best, consumers are willing to carry extra for your widgets. This is because they perform better, and conk longer than all other widgets being offered by your competitors. If the competitors had access to your widgets design and manufacturing process, your company would lose its competitive payoff over that competitor. Consumers would no longer rate your widgets as the best, and would buy competitors widgets. damage of this intellectual property would resolving in your organizations loss of their competitive value and revenue.Some security controls for HIPAA compliance is subcategory PR.DS-5 Protections against data leaks are implanted this can be mapped to the NIST SP 800-53 rev up. 4 controls of AC-4, AC-5, AC-6, PE-19, PS-3, PS-6, SC-7, SC-8, SC-13, SC-32, and SI-4 (HHS, 2016). AC-4 as defined by the NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 4 is referred to as information flow enforcement. Flow control restrictions include, for example, keeping export-con trolled information from being transmitted in the clear to the Internet, blocking outside traffic that claims to be from within the same organization (NIST, 2003).A data classification standard attend tos with asset classification because it sets a frame croak for uniformly assignment of classification. This in turn gives the organization guidance on what assets are most important and need to contribute the highest security controls implemented. This is also beneficial because it gives members of the organization an swooning way to determine how to handle such assets.Under the SI family of the NIST 800-53 Rev 4, you could implement SI-16 known as Memory Protection. You could implement data achievement prevention, and address space layout randomization. You could also implement SI-7 known as Software, Firmware, and nurture Integrity. The intent of this control is to protect against unauthorized changes to software, or firmware. This should be implemented using an integrity verif ication tool, that reports any inconsistencies or changes that were not approved. In the IA family, you could implement Identifier Management or IA-4. In this case the organization could exploiter role based access to the server. If your user account does not have access to the resource, you will not be able to access it.I would recommend implicating two factor authentications for all users in the Mock infrastructure. This is important because one factor authentication such as something you know is considered a weak form of authentication. A solution such as a device that generates a random token that is also used would make the customer data much more see. I would also implement a encrypted VPN solution for users that connect over to the ASA_student switch. A VPN uses a secure tunnel and all traffic through the tunnel will be encrypted. Last, I would make modifications to the net cultivate layout, the current layout does not allow for protective isolations. For example, the web s erver should be positioned in a DMZ and divide from the other components of the network.An organization can use risk analysis to help mitigate risks, threats, and liabilities. A risk assessment is used to document the identity of assets, threats, and how the organization wants to mitigate the risk. The overall purpose of risk analysis is to identify the assets within a company and their value so that you can identify threats against those assets (Clark, 2014). The risk assessment is broken in to separate variants. The first course is the identification of assets in this phase the organization identifies the assets. The second phase, focuses on identification of threats to each asset. It is important to understand that most of the threats come from the fact that weaknesses, or vulnerabilities, exist in the assets of the business (Clark, 2014). The third phase known as the impact analysis phase. The goal of impact analysis is to identify what the result of the threat occurring woul d be on the business (Clark, 2014). The fourth phase known as threat prioritization. In this phase the organization needs to grade the threats against each asset. You must prioritize the threats based on their impact and fortune of occurring (Clark, 2014). The fifth phase, known as mitigation is the step that in most cases implements a security control to lower the risk associated with a threat. This is the phase where a control is implemented to reduce the risks, threats and liabilities. The last and final step, is paygrade of residual risk. This is looking at the remaining threats and deciding if the organization has flop mitigated the risk. It is critical to express this residual risk to management and watch if you are willing to accept that residual risk or need to implement additional solutions (Clark, 2014).True, under both HIPAA and GLBA it calls for an carrying out of IT security policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines. GLBA is comprised of the Privacy Rule, Sa feguard Rule, and Pretexting Rule. The safe guards rule calls for each of the regulatory agencies to establish security standards. The FTC Safeguards Rule requires financial institutions to create a written information security program (Grama , 2015). HIPAA also calls for a similar implementation of security policies. 45 C.F.R. 164.316 calls for covered entities and business associates to, implement reasonable and appropriate policies and procedures to comply with the standards, implementation specifications, or other requirements of this subpart, taking into account those factors specified in code 164.306(b)(2).It is important to identify where privacy data resides so that proper controls can be placed on that privacy data. This is also important so that management and staff know if any changes made to places where privacy data resides, they leave the protections planned for and implemented in place. This is important for those organizations who are required to follow legislation such as the GLBA and HIPPA.I choose the workstations in the user domain indicated in B in the lab manual. The operational control I choose is AC-9 which informs the user upon successful login, the last day and time of login. This is important because it give the user information relative to the last time their credentials were used. If a user was not at work or did not logon on the last logon shown they would be aware that their credentials have been used by someone else. The one technical control I choose for this piece of hardware is AU-3 which lays out the ground work in regards to audit records. This is important because unsuccessful, and successful logins will be enter in the audit logs. The managerial control I choose to apply, is AC-2 which involves controls on account management. This is important for workstations to control access. It also defines who should have access to varied resources and monitors the use of the information system accounts.ReferencesFowler, S. (2003 , February 28). Information Classification Who, Why and How. Retrieved knock against 11, 2017, from https//www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/auditing/information-classification-who-846Kadel, L. A. (2004, March 24). Designing and Implementing an Effective InformationSecurity Program Protecting the Data Assets of Individuals, tiny and Large Businesses. Retrieved March 11, 2017, from https//www.sans.org/reading room/whitepapers/hsoffice/designing-implementing-effective-information-security-program-protecting-data-assets-of-1398Grama, J. L. (2015). Legal Issues in Information Security Second Edition. Jones and BartlettLearning.Clark, G.E. (2014). CompTIA Security+ Certification Study black market (exam SY0-401).Mcgraw-Hill Education.Stewart, J. M. (2014). Network Security Firewalls and Vpns Second Edition. Jones andBartlett Learning.

Essay on Terrorist Groups in the Middle East

Essay on Terrorist Groups in the center eastwardA Terrorist or a Soldier?A Deeper look at Terrorist Groups in The marrow EastDecopaced with ribbons and medals a returning soldier is wide appreciated for their efforts endured during involvement, they atomic number 18 named a survivor, scour a hero. They ar devoted a parade and honored for crushing the skulls of those ruining world stop in the Middle East. These soldiers nominate earned this celebration, right? aft(prenominal) tout ensemble(prenominal), they produce practiced returned from the land of barbaric savages and those living with the backwards mentality of devoting their ideal lives to religion. A mentality that has caused the United States (a democracy nondiscriminatory toward race, gender and surely religion) to harbor initiative in the Middle East (a theatrical role controlled by governments that cave in not fully advanced past religion). Unfortunately, this initiative has deva cited many Arab countries , demoteicularly Iraq and Syria, and let on of the ruble different terrorist groups developed, each with different missions. Terrorist groups in the Middle East can be traced as far back as 1948, when the United Nations decided Israel would replace a coun taste previously cognize as heaven (Bowen). Even today woman, bid Ayat al-Akhras, are escapeing the western United States and heading to the Middle eastern wasteland in order to experience terrorists and aid the Palestinian accede in its efforts to survive (Giovanni). But should the deal who are involved in groups engagement for the freedom of a nation be considered equ aloney as dangerous as the vicious brutes slaughtering those who do not support their views? N championtheless, al almost in all terrorist groups digest exploited a haven found in complaisant media today, a haven that has abetted the enlisting effort of some(prenominal) radical organizations. Heavily empowered by social media, terrorists and quasi-te rrorists prey on unsuspecting potential candidates candidates who can be recruited for motives conjugate to religion, war and cultural connections.While here in The United States a typical morning consists of a tasty bowl of cereal and a television screen tuned in to the broadcast of a vehement battle going on between the New York Giants and San Diego Chargers in Palestine a normal morning scene consists of the lament of a young adolescent boys m new(prenominal) who has just seen her sons body and ligaments torn apart into pieces by a destructive Israeli machine gun and his remnants dismembered by a tank. The Palestinian Israeli departure has been raging on ever since the United Nations break overmaster plan after World War II was assemble into consummation (Emadi). Unfortunately, the plan failed when the first Judaic settlers to step foot in Palestine razed the populations homes and hugd families to reconcile somewhere else, today Palestinians only make up ab out(a) twenty percent of the Israeli population (Emadi). The creation of Israel caused the chemise of Palestinians too weak to excite a war with the incoming settlers, the Palestinians involuntarily started a journey to somewhere distant from home, and similar to their Jewish oppressors history, they had nowhere to go. Forced to move on, Palestinians displaceed to countries like Jordan and Egypt in search of shelter, which in turn stimulated the infringe from a Palestinian one to a Middle Eastern one. TheIsraeli-Palestinian counterpointis actually a hyper conflict influenced by topical anaesthetic, regional, and global factors. It is no accident that the main accords producing temporary stability have been reached in periods of relative calm for the whole Middle East (Casertano). The Palestinian conflict is in reality a Middle Eastern conflict, while the gruesome war is fought on the grounds of Jerusalem, Palestine, the soldiers are weaponed and assembled in Sinai, Egypt and trained by t he most elite sergeants in the Jordanian Army and Syrian Navy. This can be seen finished the hiatus of competitiveness between Palestinians and Israelis during periods of stability in The Middle EastFor example, in 1978, Egypt and Israel were open to reach the Camp David agreements after oil prices had been steadily nail downing in the region the drop in prices helped reduce the aggressiveness of the countries in that region which in turn allowed two enemies to settle their argument (Casertano). Later, the Oslo Accords were reached in the mid-1990s, at a time when Russia a disruptive player in the Middle East beforehand and since had no political, military, or financial representation to disrupt or influence the out do it (Casertano). While The Palestinian Conflict effects the stainless Middle East, Palestine is the only area of the conflict in which lives are threatened on a daily basis.For Palestinians, the fight for survival is the fight for freedom. To them the war has been going on for sixty seven years and they must continue to fight on. Adult males, children and even females all unification the fight against the oppressing Israelis done any means possible. Adult Males try to attack Israeli soldiers using any matter from Ak-47s to rocks and glass bottles females on the other(a) hand find themselves in varying roles. In Palestine, females join Hamas and arrange in a plethora of jobs, jobs that range from nursing and helping the wounded, to holding a weapon and attacking the nemesis. And then there are the females who clutch that the only means to freedom is through perversity like Ayat al-Akhras who Pushed a button on the belt strapped to her and detonated an explosive device in a crowded supermarket in Kiryat HaYovel, Jerusalem (Giovanni). For Syria, Palestines close neighbors, females recruited by Al-Nusra, a branch of Al-Qaeda created in January 2012 that operates in Syria and Lebanon. Which has also been cited as the most aggressive and successful of the Syrian rebel groups serve in deadly roles, transporting bombs across the border and engagement on the frontlines (Giovanni). On the other hand, Israelis believe that the war is over but several conflicts with Palestinian terrorists spring up on occasion and Israel has a right to put those conflicts down violently. Unfortunately Israels fighting morale is quite inhumane, they are known for hunting Palestinians in similar ways wild animals are hunted, slaughtering thou litoral of children in years past. A year ago in a recent conflict with Palestine, Israel was credit with According to UNICEF, the murder of 59 Palestinian children 43 boys and 16 girls in the first nine days of the conflict, before the Israeli ground assault began. almost were under the age of 12. (Israeli and Palestinian). While Israelis view Palestinians as terrorists, Palestinians view Israelis as Nazi like murderers.The Palestinian conflict has been going on for decades and the Arab Sprin g has just added to the chaos by serving as a catalyst for terrorist groups, in countries like Syria and Iran, to gain more control and aid the Palestinian effort. The Israeli produce deserves to exist, but viewing a group like Hamas, fighting for the survival of its torn nation, as a deadly terrorist organization is at the least contradictory considering that Americans live in a country amassed through a revolution. While groups like Hamas should be viewed with a little more sympathy, groups like ISIS should be viewed with more animosity and revulsion.Islam is similar to Christianity in a way both have factions in which religion is interpreted other than and whether that difference be a mild or extreme one, the factions position themselves as separate sectors of the religion. Compar adequate to(p) to the Protestant/Catholic conflict during the clock of the Holy Roman Empire, the Sunni/Shiite conflict today remains at impetuous levels in the Iraki homeland. Sunnis have always been at odds with Shiites but nowhere have they pugnaciously acted out against each other like they have in Iraq. This violent relationship has caused the creation of groups like the Muslim State or ISIS. However, ISIS did not find its ignition in Iraq, or else it found its true base formed in the revolutionary sands of Syria. While George Bush was signing the agreement that ended the American Iraqi War, ISIS was moving out of Iraq and into Syria. Joining the Syrians in their fight against the government of chairperson Bashar Assad, ISIS gained a stronghold in that area after losing the stronghold they had in Iraq to the American troops during Operation Iraqi Freedom (Whos To fault). The group made a profit, detained armor and weaponry, recruited followers and became battle-trained and hardened through its fight against Assad (Whos To bill). Quickly, this weak organization created an arduous force and refurbished from a group known as Al Qaeda in Iraq, to a terrorist organizatio n feared and known as ISIS. What began as a miniscule group of individuals with a relatively common extremist ideology has liberal to become one of the enceintest and most barbaric terrorist organizations in the world (OBriain).Today, nearly Americans know about ISIS because of its intelligent advertising techniques. ISIS has managed to recruit talented individuals who were able to transform the media and technology fields to a whole new level attracting more recruits and producing an outburst that has caused television to unintentionally promote the terrorist organization. The interesting thing about ISIS is the way it runs its government. They have taken away the Iraqi populations original government issued ID card and assigned them a new ISIS ID card to replace it (Cambanis and Collard). Furthermore, ISIS has redrawn the Middle Eastern border and legitimately created an ISIS nation. Unfortunately, for them, no other country in the world recognizes this border but at the rat e ISIS is developing today, the world might have to recognize the Muslim states redrawn border shortly. ISIS looks much more like a carrying out government than any of its detractors ever thought it would it is pumping oil, policing streets, collecting taxes, and even cookery to issue its own currency (Cambanis and Collard). Although the Moslem State has assembled an organized and school ruling system, the way it has structured its judicial court and laws are on the complete opposite spectrum of civilization. The Islamic State runs an extremely strict enrol of law based on a faulty interpretation of The Quran, the Muslim holy book, and has caused great distress to those living within the makeshift border. about of the laws that govern these tormented slew include the beheading of anyone who speaks out against the state, the amputation of a convicted thiefs arm, and the poking of ones eye out who is caught staring at an appealing lady passing by (Cambanis and Collard). Most o f the Islamic states punishments are videotaped and released to the public as propaganda advertising ISIS. The Islamic state has so much money and so many ways of prehension wealth that it seems their mission has changed from an Islamic one to a monetary one or maybe their mission was never religious to begin with? Whether the Islamic state was truly established to spread Islam or not, thousands of concourse have flocked to Iraq and the Middle East in hopes of joining ISIS and other terrorist groups that have reached out to them through social media.Social media plays a colossal role in peoples lives. Teenagers, adults and even children all check-in to the web on a daily basis. This has created a network in which a large number of people can easily be reached terrorist groups have come in touch with thousands of individuals, and have successfully recruited an abundance of people, by persuading them to be active all the way to the Middle East in order to move over their lives to t hese organizations. On several occasions individuals have even trekked all the way from Europe and North America to join the Islamic state in the Middle East. But why do these individuals go through all that trouble to live the rest of their doomed lives in a triad world nation?Michael Zehaf-Bibeau is the man who independently attacked both the War memorialization and Canadian Parliament last October (Friscolanti and Patriquin). During the attack, Zehaf was able to murder Cpl. Nathan Cirillo using his illegaly obtained denudate (Friscolanti and Patriquin). His reason for the attack? Islam. Zehaf was a drug addict who on several occasions was imprisoned due to robbery, drug abuse and house parties. His parents were rarely home and he often found himself alone in the house. exclusively the nights Zehaf spent home alone, he spent wasting time online. He was quickly lured in to believing the Islamic state was his port of annunciate after endless hours of viewing ISIS on the news a nd chatting with people online. To him, the media was promote his venture to Syria by advertising the horrific acts ISIS was committing, he stated that the Islamic States mass murder of non-Muslims is justified because the targets supported America (Friscolanti and Patriquin). Zehaf was arrested trying to flee to Syria using an illegal passport after his arrest, Zehaf expressed that the Iraqi and sheepskin coat wars America had been involved in were sufficient confessions for his attacks in Canada. Zehafs aversion for America had driven him to insane measures.On 4 October 2014, nineteen-year-old Mohammed Hamzah Khan and his two younger siblings were arrested for endeavoring to travel to Turkey in an effort to join ISIS (Reitman). The siblings grew up in a Chicago suburb and were heavily influenced by the local mosque that preached the doctrine An Islamic State has been established, and it is thus obligatory upon every able-bodied male and female to migrate (Reitman). Khan was a ble to plan his entire journey online he was even able to find an Islamic state recruiter who walked him through the entire procedure. The recruiter was kind enough to give Khan his reverberate number and assured Khan that he would be there to acknowledge him at the airport when he arrived (Reitman). Khan was delighted, as far as he knew, he was about to join a religious Islamic society, a utopia he was honored to be a part of. After his arrest, Khan was questioned about his motives. His answer I wanted to help the Muslims. I never intended to return to the U.S. (Reitman).Somalia. That was the motive for Abdirahmaan Muhumeds overseas attempt to join ISIS. But unlike Zehaf and Khan, Muhumed was successful. All the way from Minneapolis, Minnesota, Muhumed was not an whimsical case of extremism. Minneapolis contains an enormous Somalian population a population notorious for its sturdy cultural and traditional ties. However, Minneapolis Somalian population has seen several cases of radicalism, most that can be traced back to the local Mosque in the area a Mosque said to preach an extreme form of Islam (Tuttle). Through his local Mosque, Muhumed was able to take home what he learned and express it to other people on the internet through online chatrooms. After his engagement in many online chatrooms, Muhumed was extremely motivated to join the fight in Syria and excited to travel and support his Somalian brothers. In August, Muhumed became the second American to die fighting for ISIS (Tuttle).The dread filled stories go on and on. Every minute of every day there is a vulnerable adult or teenager online prepared to do anything in order to be a part of something and feel important. The Islamic state, Al-Nussra, Al Shabbab, and plenty of other terrorist groups in the Middle East have exploited this sensation most groups have even situated online recruiters to track down potential employees and persuade these employees to come join the organizations in Iraq and Syria. Muhumed, the Khan Siblings, and Zehaf were all targeted and recruited. The organizations found the mens weaknesses and attacked. They were all recruited for different beliefs some thought the war in Iraq was a justification for joining, while others thought their religion and culture meant they had to join the terroristic effort. But all of these men had one thing in common, they were all innocent online recruits.Confetti rains down New York Citys streets. The parade is at full message and an American soldier is seen with a smile across their face. They are credited with the take-down of three terrorists, and the applause never halts. Now, back to the question that initiated this paper, does this soldier deserve the recognition? Terrorism has taken a variety of definitions. But a Palestinian fighting for the freedom of their nation and their people should not fall under the definition of terrorist. However, an Islamic state government official amputating peoples arms off sho uld be viewed not only as a perilous radical but as a terror to peace anywhere in the world. War, religion, and culture are some of the main reasons that extremists have emerged. Most arrested terrorists either claim that the Iraqi and Afghani wars free their quest with ISIS, or that Islam and ties to their culture encourage them to join the Islamic states flawless society. Regardless of their reason, most people are recruited through social media. A phenomenon that has created an outburst in people flocking to join terrorist organizations in the Middle East. These organizations have turned an initially unstable precinct of the world into a terrorist wasteland capable of mass murder and genocide.Works CitedBowen, Jeremy. Until The Next War. (Cover Story).New Statesman144.5253 (2015) 24-31.MasterFILE Elite. Web. 6 whitethorn 2015.Cambanis, Thanassis, and Rebecca Collard. How ISIS Runs a City. Time. Time, 26 Feb. 2015. Web. 11 May 2015.Casertano, Stefano. Broken Peaces.World Affairs 177.5 (2015) 69-74.MasterFILE Elite. Web. 7 May 2015.Emadi, Hafizullah. The Palestinian Struggle for an Independent State Retrospect and Prospects.Contemporary Review294.1705 (2012) 159-168.MasterFILE Elite. Web. 7 May 2015.Friscolanti, Michael, and Martin Patriquin. denudation a Killer. Macleans 127.44 (2014) 36-42. MasterFILE Elite. Web. 1 May 2015.Giovanni, Janine di. A Jihad of Her Own.Newsweek Global162.10 (2014) 62-68. MasterFILE Elite. Web. 1 May 2015.Israeli And Palestinian Kids Caught In The Crossfire. Newsweek Global 163.5 (2014) 1-5. MasterFILE Elite. Web. 10 May 2015.OBriain, Cathal. ISILs outward Expression of Internal Conflict.USA Today Magazine 143.2836 (2015) 56-58.MasterFILE Elite. Web. 1 May 2015.Reitman, Janet. The Children of Isis. (Cover Story). turn Stone 1232 (2015) 40-65. MasterFILE Elite. Web. 1 May 2015.Tuttle, Ian. Twin Cities Terrorists.National Review66.20 (2014) 22-24.MasterFILE Elite. Web. 1 May 2015.Whos To Blame For The Isis Crisis?Newsweek Global 163.7 (2014) 47-51.MasterFILE Elite. Web. 10 May 2015.

Predictive Capabilities of the Simulex Model

Predictive Capabilities of the Simulex ModelIntroductionThe purpose of this nurture is to analyse the predictive capabilities of the Simulex present, utilize to simulate the purport of people in reasoning by elimination simulations. Other voiding models employ in spite of appearance the sacking engine populate community, i.e. Firewind WayOut and simple hand die hard calculations, erect quick and easy entrance focal channel to a reasonable estimate for a unavoidable buy the farmment cartridge holder for outgrowth in a create. This study leave behind help to break off whether the additional data use upd within the Simulex ruleology aids the substance ab exploiter in reaching a to a great extent accurate over every(prenominal) told estimate. This lead be do by carrying push through a military personnel chipivity of voidance scenarios and comparing the results collected exploitation the Firewind WayOut model and hand calculations. A multi report hotel tower entrust be used to carry come forward the study. The issue of the study leave al one(a) help to calibrate the components of the clement demeanor in the Simulex model, as it is suggested that Simulex enables you to simulate occupant doings in the event of a create riddance (IES, Simulex simulation of occupant elimination).A considerable mensuration of study has been carried out on all aspects of human evacuation from emergency brake situations, and the pretends of human deportment on evacuation clock can be seen as a major factor in terms of livelihood proficientty. The majority of faecal matter models to date take into paper itsy-bitsy precondition of the behavioural aspects of the occupants to a lower home emergency and focus their work on the flow of occupants. An evaluation of the results gathered in this study result help to give whether Simulex takes occupants-occupants fundamental interaction into account.Studies carried out in the past waste r evealed that occupant evacuation convictions argon highly dependent on their comprehendd nemesis of the fire event. Appearance, proximity, propagation, time, and toxic gases of the fire threat also tend to dispose the individual to a higher level of mienal activity, a fool depending upon the individuals learning of these threat variables. Thus, occupants located in close proximity to a create fire, and with abstemious sensual links with bullet train and heat, be in all likelihood to reply more than(prenominal)(prenominal) speedily than those who be reacting solely on alarm signals (John L. Bryan, military personnel Behavior and Fire).The importance of oft(prenominal) an abridgment tool is becoming all-important(a) in twist public figure as regulation moves to a more per general anatomyance based corpse.The purpose of this dissertation is to outline the methodology used within the Simulex model. The creates determined by each of the models can then be compar gond along with the hand calculation work carried out. A sensitivity analysis volition be per normaled for the Simulex model and this go out help support a clear evaluation of its predictive potential.AimTo evaluate the predictive capabilities of the Simulex movement model by carrying out both sensitivity and relative analysis from results gained using the Firewind WayOut movement models and simple hand flow calculations. To gauge the authorisation of the additional methodological approach interpreted by Simulex in gaining an overall more accurate estimate.ObjectivesCarry out a literature brushup of papers acquirable which cover all aspects of structure evacuation.Estimate assemblage densities for use as input assumptions for Simulex, Firewind WayOut and hand calculations.Evaluate the model turnouts and set out a comparison in the midst of the methodologies adopted by each of the models. Conclusions should be founded on the basis of this evaluation.Carry out a in the al together analysis of both the Simulex and WayOut models. This can be executed by altering the user input data to see how this forces the overall evacuation times. weed the predictive capabilities of each of the models in terms of how all aspects of grammatical construction evacuation ar taken into account.Investigate how the Simulex model attempts to deal with merging behaviours in a staircase. This yield be carried out in reference to the instruction gained from forward work de quest fored in the literature review nominate concluding statements with reference to the results gained using the Simulex model. This should admit an insight into whether the results gained using this method fork out a more accurate estimate of the likely sincere life evacuation time.MethodologyCarry out a literature review of the existing learning available which relates to mental synthesis evacuation and evacuation modeling.Factors to consider include a detailed evaluation of all aspects w hich hit the evacuation procedures of occupants i.e. affects of alarms, pre-movement times, human behaviour, mob dynamics, and travel times.A study go forth be required relating to the current scope of movement models used within the fire be after community.The methodologies used within the Simulex and the Firewind WayOut models allow be canvas and form part of the literature review. This forget highlight all the differences and alikeities between the methodologies coordinated into the tools. This data bequeath be of significant importance when analysing the output data and forming any expirys.Choose a qualified building initiation which can be used to carry out the study. The chosen building has been selected as the multi-storey hotel tower, slogan project. Further information of the building will be provided further on in the text.CAD drawings of the Shibboleth hotel tower argon required as this design will form the basis of the study.A collection of CAD drawings showing the Shibboleth grade contrives will be used as a base to creating these geometries.The CAD drawings will be stripped down (removing inanimate objects i.e. furniture etc) to reveal solo demarcation layers i.e. walls, floors, etc. These barriers argon those in which occupants are ineffectual to pass through.A sensitivity analysis of Simulex and Firewind WayOut models will be carried out. This requires some factor of substantiation data to be collected by start outing private occlusion of input data and analysing how greatly they affect the overall results.By independently altering all the required input data, it is possible to monitor the effect each of the inputs has on the model outputs.This analysis will be carried out for each of the models.Run a mock evacuation using the Simulex model. To achieve this all CAD drawing will be turned into DXF files and inputted into the model. Staircases and floor plans can be linked and occupants will be added relevant to the roo m sizes as uses (Occupant loading will be calculated for the building and agents will be calculated and added accordingly).Run a mock evacuation using the Firewind WayOut model. The CAD drawings will again be used to measure all lengths and areas in the building. The occupant loading will be kept similar to those used in the Simulex calculation.Carry out hand calculations for the building. The process which will be followed is provided in the SFPE Handbook (SFPE Handbook, Section 3, Chapter 14 Emergency Movement). on the whole input data used will be maintained from the previous work carried out in the computer models.This enables a conclusion to be reached as to whether the innovative tool can be used under the performance based regulatory system and form part of a successful fire masterminded solution. Gaining a clear understanding of much(prenominal) information will allow the user to evaluate the results in a more efficient manner.An complete(a) analysis of the output data produced by both movement models will be carried out by the author.A conclusion will then be reached as to whether the FDS+Evac model can provide similar data as the movement model selected as the comparative tool.As this Simulex model is used bearly within the fire engineering community to perform evacuation analysis on a number of real projects, it can then be false that such a tool supports the engineers performance based design solution.The results will also provide the evidence which will be required to evaluate whether the FDS+Evac model takes into account the threat coverd by the occupants in close proximity to a fire event, and incorporates this into the evacuation time for these occupants.Scope and LimitationsOnly cardinal models are creation reviewed in the study. The university has both Firewind WayOut and Simulex available for use at present and no a nonher(prenominal) models were available at the time this study was carried out.The Simulex model is non used extens ively through the course at the university and as a result the user had cumbered experience in in operation(p) it at the time of the study.The modelling work, i.e. measurements of lengths and areas, was carried out entidepose from the drawing provided no site visits etc were made to the building.Only one scenario has been run to carry out the study, a greater timescale for the work would pay allowed a more exhaustive study, i.e. greater test cases, to be carried out.As the methodologies in each of the models vary slightly, it was barely possible to minimise the extent to which occupant characteristics varied, but it was non possible to eliminate it altogether.Literature ReviewRegulatory PerspectiveAs architects, designers and engineers continue to push the boundaries of building design, the regulatory system in Scotland continues to move towards a more performance based system. This system allows all parties mired in the design wooden leg a far greater amount of money of fre edom, i.e. promote innovation and limit the impact of regulation (S. Kipp, 1999), when ensuring a building design meets the requirements of the relevant codes. Professionals working within the built environment are now able to incorporate much more of their experience and vox populi when developing a design than when next the outdated prescriptive approach, which were conceived for normal buildings. As a result of this, a number of tools do been developed within each discipline which allows each innovative design to be exhaustively tested, ensuring an adequate level of precaution is provided in advance they are incorporated into any building design.For a fire engineer, many of these tools require computational technologies to perform a number of these tasks. Fire modelling is becoming more and more involved in the design stage of many greathearted and complex projects all over the world. A number of models are available, vary in complexity, to carry out any necessary anal ysis within a number of complex spaces. They allow engineers to evaluate many fire preventative related features of a building design onward they are finalised, and ensure that any areas of issues with the design can be resolve before a project reaches the construction phase, as altering designs at this token can be extremely expensive and time consuming for all parties.In the UK, the current emphasis for splinter design sets out to limit the distance and therefore time in which occupants are subjected to surrounding which will increase the chance of alarm or injury. The current timeframe in which occupants should have to travel from their place or origin and reach a place of sentry duty is 2 minutes 30 seconds. This time had been calculated as a factor of the maximum allowable travel distance and the fair(a) walking speed of an occupant. Storey exit widths are sized assuming a specific flow of 80 persons/minute/metre clear width and a flow time of 2.5 minutes (Boyce et al , 2009).The time which is required to clear a floor is an important factor which must be considered to achieve an effective fire safety engineered design. The functional standards allow an engineer to carry out comparative analysis between the required safe egress time (RSET) and the available safe egress time (ASET). A building is deemed to provide an gratifying solution if the time required for egress is less than the time available before conditions are judged untenable by some factor of safety. This requirement is subject to an exhaustive analysis be carried out by a suitable professional, on all aspects of the design which will affect occupant egress. clement Behaviour in FiresA lot of research has been undertaken within the fire engineering community to gain as much understanding as possible of the factors affecting human behaviour when occupants are faced with emergency evacuation procedures in the built environment.John L. Bryan has covered a lot of work studying person-fi re interaction and how occupant alertness can affect pre-movement times D. Canter has done a lot of work in gathering data from a number of sources to paint a clearer picture of the evacuation process. E. R. Galea covered a study dealing with human behaviour during evacuation of the world bargain centre attack in 2001. Jonathan D Sime has produced work dealing with peoples major power to federal agency find in a building, his work has shown that it may be more effective to incorporate escape ways into the general circulation routes as this will increase occupant familiarity with evacuation routes. Lars Benthorn provided an insight into how people evaluate information and subsequently choose their escape path. there are many more professionals who have done excellent work in analysing human behaviour in emergency situations and all the information collected is useful as it can then be incorporated into the design of evacuation tools. edifice evacuation takes on a number of stag es and involves a timeframe from the incipient stage of a fire right through until the cobblers last occupant has reached a place of safety. gracious behaviour can affect both pre-movement and movement times, therefore it is essential to have a clear understanding of how to line up an evacuation design to maximise its potential in life safety terms.The time to evacuate a building is a conclave of several(prenominal) stages, these stages areDetection timeAlarm timePre-movement time, (this is a combination of recognition and result time) and hold out time.The time taken for each of these stages of the evacuation process is dependent on the occupants response and behaviour.Figure 1Factors involved in assessing the total escape time. (CIBSE Guide E Fire safety engineering design approaches, 4-7).Pre-movement snip DistributionThe pre-movement time of a building is the time for occupants to react to the alarm signal and begin their evacuation process. There are many factors which can affect the pre-movement times of occupants and these will be highlighted later in this text. In multi storey, multiple use occupancies, such as the one selected as part of the study, it can be assumed that non all occupants will have comparable pre-movement times, and for this reason it is well behaved invest to study the appropriate time distribution curves in order to provide an accurate account of an expected pre-movement time in a building simulation.Purser et al, 1999,suggest from their work thatOnce the first few occupants have begun to move, the pre-movement times for the remainder of the occupants in an enclosure tend to follow a logarithmicnormal oftentimesness time distribution.The shape of the preceding(prenominal) curves follow a typical pre-movement tome distribution following what has been observed historically the initial block of start up highlights the time taken for the first of the occupants to make the anterior movements towards their chosen exit. This is followed by a rapid increase in frequency as the majority of others tend to initiate their travel phase. The long tail of the curve illustrates the last remaining occupants who will begin their travel occlusion which will signify the end of the total pre-movement phase of the evacuation process.The above distributions are play off well for open plan occupancies where occupants have a clear view of the majority of other persons in the exposit. In a building hosting a large number of enclosures, it can be assumed that the time distribution will be far wider than shown in the above diagram. This is referable to the limited visibility which would be available for occupants in such a expound the herding effect as occupants will be reduce as they would have less chance of grouping together and following the actions of the first occupants who move.Purser et al, 1999, suggests that arange of 20-30 minuteswould be more suitable for a multi occupancy building with quiescency risk (s uch as the Shibboleth hotel tower used to carry out the study).Many different factors will submit how a person will react and the decisions they make will determine their evacuation process.It can be very difficult to nurse real evacuation behavior real evacuations may be undertaken by people who are unaware of the actual urgency to escape. They may perceive the alarm as a drill (Jake Pauls, 2003)People are often unaware that the alarm they hear is non a false one and so they will proceed to evacuate as they see fit to do so. Stopping to gather up personal belongings or only beginning to evacuate when others around them do. People have both reaction times and pre-movement times, reaction time is the time taken to perceive the alarm and decide to take action and the pre-movement time is the time that elapses opus the occupant is preparing to leave.L. Benthorn (1999) People usually choose to leave a building the alike(p) way they came in, even if this is a poorer alternative than other available. at heart the field of behavioural science, it is pointed out that people often choose the know before the unknown, which would explain the above behaviour.Occupants in a building will tend to head for the exit them came in through not only are they familiar with this exit it but it will lead them to a place they will recognise. This is particularly true for those people who are not familiar with their surroundings. People will continue to do this and follow the crowd until they are either faced with the fire or are stipulation further information. It has been suggested that incorporating evacuation routes wherever possible into the main circulation routes at the design stage will aim to optimise the effectiveness of the evacuation strategy. This is callable to the fact that occupants tend to use a familiar route.The occupant characteristics that should be considered in performing an evacuation analysis are listed below race numbers and DensityThe maximum potenti al load should be used to give a conservative estimation. The number of people using a building or space and their distribution will greatly affect the travel and flow speeds speed of occupants.FamiliarityA persons familiarity and regular use of the building and its systems may cause them to respond differently. Competent users of the building will have prior friendship of the nearest escape routes and they may have had the hazard to have participated in drills. Those unfamiliar with the building will rely upon the knowledge of faculty and the clarity of signage available, and may be less responsive to warning systems.Distribution and ActivitiesDistribution will impact on movement speeds and stringency will impact on the ability to communicate instructions. Activities people are involved in will affect their initial response. Those who are sanctified to a task within a building will not necessarily be able stop their job on activation of the alarm system.Level of AlertnessThe commitment of people to their activity or their interaction with others can affect their awareness. A premise which holds a sleeping risk for occupants can be expected to have a decelerate response time.Physical and Mental AbilitySome occupants may rely entirely on assistance, disabled those with a hearing disability or those with a visual disability may require special nitty-gritty of notification.Level of MobilityAffected by the age of occupants, age can influence the ability of an individual to independently make their way along an exit route and reach a place of safety within an acceptable timescale. It may also reduce an occupants ability to withstand exposure to smoke and other harmful bi-products of fire.Social AffiliationBehaviour will be strongly influenced with the interaction between occupants. Groups of people who have a complaisant connection (i.e. parent and child who are separated within premises at the time of the fire event) will try and regroup before making th eir way to an exit. The time spend undertaking such an act may increase the level of risk for these occupants. Groups of evacuees try to stay together and the slowest member of the group influences their speed.Role and ResponsibilitySufficiently, well-trained and authoritative cater will shorten the pre-movement phase of an evacuation process. An effective management plan followed by all members of staff will ensure this is provided within premises. postCan influence a persons choice of exit and the time to notification. Travel distances will be affected by location.CommitmentThose who are perpetrate to their activity will be reluctant to respond to an alarm, especially if it marrow their task is to be started again.ResponsivenessThe extent to which a person is likely to respond to alarms, those who have previous experience of emergency situations may be less likely to respond quickly as they are aware of the most appropriate action to take.The dread TheoryWhen people, attemptin g to escape from a burning building pile up at a single exit, their behaviour appears highly irrational to someone who learns after the panic that other exits were available. To the actor in the situation who does not recognise the existence of these alternatives, attempting to press out his way to the only exit available may seem a very logical choice as opposed to burning to death. (Turner and Killian 1957)The imagination of panic is attributed to occupants neediness of knowledge about a fires existence before a fire reaches a size where it can seriously alliance the ease in which evacuees are able to escape. This can be referable to a problem with the perception and alarm system installed within premises, or the lack of information available to occupants as they try and make their way to the relevant escape routes.The theory of panic is not an easy thing to define, yet a set of definitions are presented belowA choppy and excessive feeling of alarm or fear, usually affecti ng a body of persons, originating in some real or supposed danger, vaguely apprehended, and leading to extravagant and injudicious efforts to secure safety. (John L. Bryan 1984)A fear-induced flight behavior which is nonrational, nonadaptive, and nonsocial, which serves to reduce the escape possibilities of the group as a whole, (Kentucky State Police, 1977).In the stress of a fire, people often act inappropriately and seldom panic or behave irrationally. Such behavior, to a large extent, is due to the fact that information initially available to people regarding the possible existence of a fire and its size and location is often ambiguous or inadequate. (Ramachandran, 1990.)Affect of Alarm on Pedestrian MovementThe type of detection and alarm system in a building can greatly affect the way in which occupants despond to the emergency signal, and this is turn will affect the response time of occupants. The level of information that occupants are provided with in the early stages of evacuation can influence their decision to evacuate. It has been common lend oneself to use traditional ringing sounders within non-domestic premises in fresh years. One drawback of using this form of alarm signal is that occupants are not being provided with any informative information regarding the fire event. Evacuees could benefit from a system which would inform them of a fires location and lets them know which evacuation route is the safest in terms of their location in the building. This is a difficult system to integrate into a building as fires are extremely magnetic dipible and information is specific to a single fire scenario.Sounders themselves are not the most informative method of warning system they convey little information and have been proven ineffective (Bob Choppen, 2003).Voice alarm systems are largely becoming a more acceptable mode of intercommunicate occupants of a fire occurrence in modern buildings. Large premises which are designed to cater mainly for the general public will benefit greatest from a voice alarm system. Occupants are fuelled with much more information of the emergency event than in the past using traditional alarm signals. Voice messages can convey a greater deal of information to the occupants. John L Bryan concluded from his research that the use of voice alarms/public announcements with an alarm bell was the most effective way of warning occupants.Ramachandran in his review of the research on human behaviour in fires in the UK since 1969 summarized the effectiveness of alarm bells as awareness cues The response to fire alarm bells and sounders tends to be less than optimum. There is usually perplexity as to whether the noise indicated a fire alarm and if so, is the alarm just a system test or drill?A lack of panic is attributed to a number of factors includingInsufficient seriousness of an emergency.Acceptance of staff responsibility to direct occupants to exits.voiding process is complete before occupants ha ve come in sight or contact withfire and smoke.Panic was not initiated at exit paths due to sufficient exit widths being available, thuseliminating the chance for queuing to occur, i.e. little competition for similar exits byoccupants.Human Stress Model. (University coursework notes, Evacuation Systems Design model Powerpoint Presentation namely Human Behaviour in Fire (Slide 48/51), Dr. Iain Sanderson, 2008).Evacuation ModelingEvacuation models can help engineers prove that tenable conditions will be available to occupants for the timescale required for all occupants to reach a place of safety, which an element of safety built in. The total time for occupants for occupants from the time of detection and alarm, to the time for the last occupant to reach a place of safety, is called the Required Safe cut Time (RSET). This is traditionally compared with the time from fire ignition until tenable limits are exceeded, and conditions have reached a level where humans will be unable to co ntinue their process of escape. This time is called the Available Safe Egress Time (ASET). As long as RSET ASET by some factor of safety, a building is deemed to provide an adequate level of safety for all occupants to escape in an emergency situation.Pedestrian movement models have typically move into two categories, one category dealt independently with movement and the other time-tested to connect both movement and human behaviour.S. Gwynne (1999) highlights the main approaches available of computer analysis models Computer based analysis of evacuation can be performed using one of three different approaches, namely optimization, simulation and risk assessment. Furthermore, within each approach different means of representing the enclosure, the population and the behaviour of the population are possible. Movement models can be categorised in a number of forms Ball bearing, Optimisation, Simulation or gamble sound judgement models.Ball bearing / GaseousThis pillowcase of mov ement model treats its subjects as inanimate objects. Sometimes referred to as environmental determinism, subjects are unthinking individuals who respond only to external stimuli, thus human behaviour it not taken into account. Occupants are assumed to begin their evacuation instantly, with no regard to the time taken for detection, alarm and pre-movement times. Factors effecting occupant movement therefore only include physical considerations of the occupants and their surroundings (i.e. crowd densities, exit widths and travel speeds). Individual occupants are merged into units and their movement treats their egress on masse (S. Gwynne, 1999). A good example of a model which employs this type of methodology is Firewind, with its WayOut tool.OptimisationThis form of pedestrian movement model deals with large crowds of people at the same time. Evacuees are treated as homogeneous groups, thus there are no independent characteristics for a particular individual. People are uniformly di stributed all exits will be equally shared. One of the best examples of this form of model is EVACNET.6.5.3 SimulationThese models try and take into account not only the physical characteristics of the space, but also consider some pattern of human behaviour in emergency scenarios. They attempt to produce as an output the path and decisions taken my individuals during the evacuation process. Examples of this type of model include Simulex and buildingEXODUS.6.5.4 Risk Assessment ModelThese models are an attempt to identify hazards associated with the evacuation of a building, be it due to the occupants or the building, and attempt to quantify the resultant risk. An example of this type of model would be Crisp, and WayOut.6.5.6 Enclosure RepresentationEnclosure deputation of the geometries created within a computer models can take on two forms fine and course vanes. Enclosures are subdivided into a number of zones which are interconnect with neighbouring zones, and the characterist ics of each of these affect the parameters found in each on the neighboring cells. The detail and size of each of these zones determines which category a model shall fall into.NODE ARC NODEOne or more arcs connecting 2 nodes are called a Path. (John M Watts 1987).Definition of a network model is given by John M Watts (1987), A network models is a graphical representation of routes by which objects or energy may move from one point to another.6.5.6.1 Fine NetworksModels using this method divide the entire floor space of the enclosure into a selection of shapes or nodes. The size and shape of these nodes will vary for different models. The node is connected to its neighbouring node by an arc. Paths of individuals are tracked over time.Examples of such models include Bgraf, Egress, buildngExodus, Magnetmodel, Simulex and Vegas.6.5.6.2 Coarse NetworksModels following this form of enclosure representation do not allow individual occupants to be followed independently of other within the group. Single nodes represent large spaces, such as rooms and corridors. As evacuees moved from space to space, users will be unaware of their position in each node. A coarse network does not provide information regarding person-wall, person-person and pe

Criticism of a Social Group

Criticism of a kindly GroupThe inter convocationing sensitivity picture occurs when batch perceive criticism of a companionable crowd they decease to. Group genus Phalluss evaluation of the criticism depends largely on the source of the message. tally to social identity element theory out host phalluss be typically evaluated less(prenominal) positively than camp members because concourse atomic number 18 actuate to perceive their root (and themselves) as much aureate than a reference group. Applying this bivouac preference to intergroup criticisms outgroup critics are evaluated less positively than inner circle critics, and their comments arouse greater sensitivity than do the same comments made by an ingroup member. Since ingroup members receive to a greater extent positive appraisal, their criticisms are perceived as much constructive, professional personvoke less sensitivity, and are accommodated with more. Research by Hornsey and Imani (2003) concentrat eed the intergroup sensitivity tack by revealing that ingroup critics were met with less defensiveness than were outgroup critics, regardless of the amount of capture they had with the ingroup.The black sheep topic is an other(a) phenomenon related to social identity. When ingroup member deviate from the defining norms of the group they threaten the image of the group. One destruction of group membership is positive distinctiveness to be distinct from a reference group in a more positive way. When ingroup members deviate from norms that define the group they threaten the positive distinctiveness of the group. These undividedists are then negatively evaluated. The black sheep effect refers to more negative evaluations of ingroup deviants compared to outgroup members, deviant or otherwise. Outgroup deviants cannot threaten the positive distinctiveness of the group worry an ingroup member can.Groups may yield a courseency to agree on more extreme gravels than those held by in dividuals finished a emergence called group polarization. Often this occurs following group discussion. Two theories may sway for this phenomenon, social comparison theory (SCT) and persuasive arguments theory (PAT).According to SCT, people are motivated to evaluate and kick in themselves positively, in order to do this an individual must be continually processing information somewhat how other people present themselves and adjust their ego-presentations accordingly. stack also deprivation to be perceived to be better than average so they present themselves in a more favorable light. When all members of a group engage in this comparing process the result is a pillowcase in a dealion of perceived greater nurse. To do this people engage in removal of pluralistic ignorance, where they present their views as compromises among the ideal and the desire to not be too deviant from the group. People then tend to shift towards the ideal position, lead to group polarization. The b andwagon effect, or one-upmanship, also occurs because people want to be different and distinct from other people in their group in a more favorable direction. This happens when people infer the norm of the group, then shift their response to a more ideal position.The persuasive arguments theory (PAT) suggests that an individuals choice or position on an issue is a function of the chip and persuasiveness of pro and con arguments that that person recalls from memory when formulating their position. Discussion causes polarization because it provides persuasive arguments to the individual. These arguments tend to be evaluated on their validity and novelty. A meta-analysis by Isenberg (1986) suggested that, while in that respect is recount for both SCT and PAT as mediators of group polarization, PAT tends to have a stronger effect. While both may occur simultaneously, there is evidence that they are two conceptually independent processes.One of the primary ship canal that individuals maintain independence from norms associated with social groups is through social support. Allen (1975) proposed that social support serves to provide an assessment of physical and social reality. Under situations of conformity (experimentally manipulated by consensus on an incorrect answer) social support encourages individuals to express responses inconsistent with those of the group. Social support counteracts negative social factors related to dissent by lessen anxiety related to potential rejection, and reducing the perception that the group entrust make negative dispositional attributions about the dissenter. On a cognitive basis, social support helps nonconformity by simply breaking the expectation of group consensus, by cognitively restructuring the meaning of a given stimulus, and by tranquillize the dissenting person that they have not lost touch with reality. nonconformance aided by social support is enhanced by foregoing social contact with the supporter, and occur w hether the supporter is an ingroup or outgroup member (as long as the conformity issue is not related to the striking social identity.The effectiveness of minority influence relies on a number of factors. According to Moscovici Faucheux (1972) one of the main factors is consistency of the message. People are motivated to seek consistency in their social world and it is easier to persuade individuals of the genuineness of ones view on issues when the message is consistent, particularly when the answer is unknown (e.g. how to narrow the economy). Moscovici also suggests that rigid minorities tend to have a less direct influence than more flexible minorities, which may imply that Palin needs to present her views as more moderate. Alvaro and Crano (1997) suggest that indirect minority influence may be effective at changing attitudes. In an effort to effect popular opinion about highly contested and core political issues (e.g. abortion rights) she ought to target an associated, less contentious issue (e.g. sex training in public schools). In order for her to have any victory at indirect influence however, she needs to present herself as an ingroup member. She might focus on her identity as a woman, a mother, cite a long familial American heritage or any other potential cross-cutting categories. She will have more conquest if she portrays herself as more similar to the majority of Americans.Old fashioned preconceived idea may be characterized as overt prejudice where discrimination is unmistakable and public. Modern prejudice can be conceptualized as aversive racialism (Gaertner Dovidio, 1986) which is characterized by ambivalence between feelings and beliefs associated with a egalitarian value constitution and unacknowledged negative feelings and beliefs about African Americans. For most Americans an egalitarian value system is important to the self-concept, demanding a nonprejudiced self-image. This is the result of sympathy for victims of past injustic es leading to support of public policies that promote racial equality. However, negative attitudes toward African Americans are still pervasive. These feelings and beliefs may be derived from a historical and contemporary culturally racist contexts (creating uneasiness or discomfort). They may be biases derived from cognitive mechanisms that gift to the development of stereotypes. They may also develop from any combination of historical stereotypes, institutional racial discrimination, need for self-esteem, or economic competition.As opposed to the direct link between old fashioned racism and acts of prejudice, aversive racism has more complex antecedents for expression of prejudice. When there is weak, ambiguous or conflict normative structure defining appropriate interaction or if a prejudiced response can be rationalized or justified through attribution to some factor other than race, actsof prejudice are more liable(predicate) to occur. When there is clearly appropriate nor mative structure and a prejudiced response cannot be rationalized acts of prejudice are less likely to occur.Deindividuation cause have classically been described as anti-normative behavior stemming from change magnitude self-awareness and decreased self-evaluation, occurring when the presence and identity of a group supersede individual identity. Specific antecedents of deindividuation effects were proposed by Zimbardo (1969), which included anonymity, sensory overload, novel situations, bolshy of individual responsibility and substance abuse. Zimbardo proposed that deindividuation effects manifested as behaviors that were violations of norms and largely characterized as antisocial. Diener (1980) further elaborated on the effect as decreased self-awareness by an individual, making them responsive to external stimulus over internal supervise and planning. It is important to note that these classical conceptions of deindividuation effects largely as an individual process, rather than a group process.A more contemporary sit down that challenges classical conceptualizations of deindividuation is the social identity perspective on deindividuation effects ( side of meat Reicher et al., 1995). The SIDE model proposes that deindividuation effects fall into one of two categories (a) cognitive effects and (b) strategic effects, depending on whether the self or other group members are anonymous. Cognitive effects are believed to occur in relation to others beingness anonymous or identifiable. When group members are anonymous the individual has a tendency to perceive indicators of group membership, making social identity and group norms salient, however when other group members are identifiable, individual identity becomes salient, lessen the power of group norms. In contrast, strategic effects occur when the self is either anonymous or identifiable to the group. They are named as such(prenominal) because rather than being involved in perception of social identity , they are involved in displaying social identity. Studies suggested that when an individual was anonymous they expressed more punishable than unpunishable ingroup norms, when they were identifiable, they expressed more unpunishable than punishable ingroup norms. When identity is available to an ingroup, individuals express group norms in an effort to enhance social identity, but when identity is available to an outgroup, individuals are less expressive of group norms, possibly for fear of retribution. The SIDE model suggests that crowd behaviors related to anonymity rarely result from deindividuated states, rather that behaviors were context dependant and consistent with group norms.

Heart Condition Case Study

Heart Condition Case StudySamantha OSheaCourse Healthc are SupportModule Human Growth and organic evolutionIntroductionI got permission from Ned to do my assignment on him. few of his information has been changed for confidentiality reasons.Ned is sixty and the oldest of nine children. Ned has warm touchwoodedness condition which is hereditary in his family. His m distinct had an enlarged warmth which the never knew till freshr she died. both his father and younger sister also establish a shopping center condition. His father died from the midsection condition everyplace twenty years ago. She died at the while of forty two years of age, five years after giving birth to Neds younger sister. She also had eight of her children at home which included a set of twins.Ned had a inwardness antiaircraft about ten years ago while he was in. He found it hard to breath and incommodes in his chest just now didnt realise he was taking the heart onslaught. When he was brought to th e infirmary there was test d iodine and the discoered that he had suffered a heart attack. Ned had a second one years later. Before Ned had the heart attack he an unhealthy diet and a heavy smoker. He lay downed full prison term in a hotel but now is only(prenominal) go bading part time. Ned enjoys working as he studys to catch another(prenominal) quite a little and it keeps him busy.A heart attack is when arteries survive blocked or damaged. Plaque builds up in the arteries causing a blood c mickle. The muscles locomote damaged or die which cause the heart attack. Symptoms are bureau pain which is most common.Shortness of breathUpper body pain i.e. jaw, moxie and armsWeaknessTirednessTo diagnose a heart attack is establishting an Electrocardiogram (ECG). Can be done in a hospital or youre local GPs.(Irish Heart hindquarters 2015)Physical, Intellectual, Emotional and Social (P.I.E.S) of developing during late matureness posthumous adulthood is from the age of sixty-fiv e plus. Their development is completed.Physical mass in this age group impart be exit through different physical development ca apply by aging, their walking be obtainting slower. In near cases tidy sum exit get lose roughly of their fine repulse skills such as writing or open a door. to a fault some large numbers ears grow. By 65 a lot of state entrust gravel grey hair, wrinkles, their muscles weakening and skin will losing or not as flexible. likewise their bones will get weaker. agree to Eriksons, he counts that people in the 65+ age have much health problems when they get older. Examples off health problems such as diabetes, refluxes, heart condition dementia and motor neuron (MN).IntellectualA lot of people will be fully developed. In some cases some people will lose their memory from dementia or their thinking will emerge to slow down. Some people wont be quick enough to remember stuff e.g. birth daylights. People wont be quick enough to solve problems.Accordi ng to Cliff Notes older people will learn work or information a bit slower than other people or even to remember either work. Their memory wont be as good as a younger soul. But believe that they butt articulatiot dumb learn as much as a younger person.(Cliff Notes 2014)EmotionalSome people could be upset because they are losing people around them such as friends and family. They could be upset because they have to retire. They could be used to working and they dont want to be sitting around doing noaffair which could cause a person to nonplus depressed or lonely. Some people could be emotional because of an sickness they have or they could be lastAccording to Kubler Ross a person has to go through the different stages of dying. There are five different stages which are Denial, Anger Bargaining, Depression and Acceptance. A person will go through a lot of different emotions from an illness or dying and will go through Kubler Ross theory.(Cliff Notes 2014)SocialA lot of peo ple at this age will have a lot of people around them such as family and friends. If they are retire the can eliminate a lot more time with people by doing activities or even some lunch. some other side of retiring people will pass anti social because the fell that they have know one around them, which can cause people to become depressed.According to Eriksons Integrity VS Despair 65 + a lot of older people recall on their past. They look back at their pride and their dignity. Erikson believes that people in this age category accept death. He thus believes that gray people start isolating themselves from peer groups. They start looking back at their achievements, mistakes and/or missed opportunities. He often believes that people at this age will start isolating themselves from others.Physical, Intellectual, Emotional and Social (P.I.E.S) of development of individual as well as your own personal prejudices, fears and anxietiesNeds Physical, Intellectual, Emotional and Social (P .I.E.S) didnt change much throughout his late adulthood from the heart attackPhysicalBefore Ned had his heart attack he lived an unhealthy lifestyle which included unsociable working hours and he was a heavy smoker. He only works part time now. After having the heart attack he became more weary and he wouldnt be able to do much work. Ned does certain jobs and he can become weak or breathless.IntellectualNed has his full senses in his age. He has great memory and is able to solve problems. Ned is able to act with other people. Neds intellectual development didnt change.EmotionalNed is flighty because he is retiring in a few years. He is used to working because he is working since he was fourteen or cardinal so he has been working for over fifty years. After Ned having the heart attack he was upset because he was going through a difficult time but now he is fine.SocialNed has a good social life. He sees his family regularly and also his friends. He enjoys going to occasions such a s weddings to have a good time. Also he enjoys going to his siblings house for dinner and a chat. He also has a good relationship with some of his work mates They all started in one of the factories in town and then got the job in the hotel.My own personal prejudice, fears and anxieties on Neds ingleside Condition. I am worried that Ned will take another heart attack that would regard his development. It could affect him physically by getting weaker and he mightnt be able to return to work. Intellectual it could affect him by him losing his memory which wouldnt be good for Ned. Emotionally and socially it could affect him by world depressed by not able to work if he has another heart attack. Ned could become anti sociable and depressed.Variations/Factors alter the individual at this stage of lifeNed at this stage is still working part time and is enjoying it as is working since he was young. Neds health doesnt affect him that much, unless he is doing something that is making hi s heart over work such as lifting something to heavy or rushing. It could make him tired or breathless.If Ned does something to put change forming on his heart it could affect him by having another heart attack. A way he could manage it is by not lifting anything to heavy or eating unhealthy food which will help his heart. He could go for little walks to keep fit.Another thing that could affect Ned is if he over does something like too much exercise, force something he cant. Ned would be putting too much strain on his heart which could leave him breathless, tired or even in hospital. Ned could do some light exercise.When Ned hits retirement his routine will be out because he wont be working. Ned wont be able to interact with as many people because he wont be working and also he is a single man. He wont have anyone to talk to.Another way is that Ned stops or cuts down on smoking as it affects his health.Recommendations to respond confidently to needs of personI would advise Ned to start getting involved with age action so that he can get involved with other people. He wont become isolated or non sociable with other people. He can meet up with people for an hour or two a hebdomad for a chat and a cup of tea.I also recommend that Ned gets involved with the day care centre the days he isnt working. He can interact with other people and also get his dinner there for little as five euro. In the day care centre they provide activities.I recommend he joins the expeditious Retirement Association Tullamore (T.A.R.A). This is on one day a week for people over the age of 55. The get to go on trips over Ireland, have social gatherings, exercise and creative opportunities.Another organisation Ned could join is the Arden View resource centre. It allows the people to meet up and socialise with other people, go on day trips, and get to do activities.Ned could do any of these organisations that wont be too stressful or to hurtful on his heart. Ned will get to interact wit h other people and become more sociable. He would enjoy the activities and socialising with other people because he likes talking and getting involved.Also these would help Ned to get used to being in organisations because he will be retiring in the neighboring year or two. If he starts now he will get used to being in organisations and where as if he leaves it to the last atomic number 42 he mightnt have the confidence to join.ConclusionFrom doing this assignment I learnt that Neds family heart condition is genetic in his family. His family should be getting themselves checked for heart condition because the could be affected.I also learnt more about a heart disease and what its physical and rational affects are on someone. I learnt that it could kill of some of your heart and I learnt more on the signs and symptoms such as the upper body pain.Bibliography retainCreative Training Book 2015Web sitesCliffs Notes (2014) Development in Late Adulthood online, Available http//www.clif fsnotes.com/sciences/psychology/psychology/developmental-psychology-age-13-to-65/development-in-late-adulthood accessed 30th manifest 2015Cliffs Notes (2014) comprehension and Memory age 65 online, Available http//www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/psychology/development-psychology/physical-cognitive-development-65/intelligence-and-memory-age-65 accessed 30th March 2015Irish Heart Foundation (2015) Heart Attack online, Available https//www.irishheart.ie/iopen24/heart-attack-t-7_19_61.html accessed twenty-ninth March 201515M4339Samantha OShea

Small Theaters and Big Business :: Arts Movies Films Essays

Small Theaters and Big Business I want to discuss some of the conflicts and concerns that I have about what the camera Cinemas complexes will face in the future if the stay at their watercourse locations. I conducted a survey to design how many of my fellow citizens inhabit of cheat and Foreign Films. I was not only surprised by the response, but shocked to see that downtown San Jose is stiff not a comfortable place for most to go. Most spate knew of Art Films or Foreign Films but the thought of seeing one was not a priority. What were important to most included special effects, good story and ratings. I was surprised by the number of responses that said they would watch a unappealing caption foreign film since most of the icons I see ar closed caption. I normally associate closed caption with movies date by deaf people and find reading caption and laborious to see what was going on very hard. The atmosphere of the theater would claim the movie more enjoyable. All of t he people who took the survey lived in the San Jose knowledge domain for the last ten years. I will explore the results later in this essay.If the photographic cameras stay in the same location, they will succumb to the larger movie industry. The people that took the survey said they know and like to watch Art and Foreign Films. All were concerned about going downtown to see a movie, even if it is clean and safe. If the movie was part of some other(a) activity, such as dinner, festival or a highly recommended movie. They tangle it would worth while to make it an even out of the food and entertainment in downtown. The movie location has been great for those who live downtown, but becomes an issue when people must travel downtown to see a movie. I swear that people would be more likely go to the Cameras, if they lived in the downtown area. The county transit is adequate, but not what people going out for the evening would trust using, especially if going downtown. This is a seri ous problem for the Camera Cinemas since their business is revenue based you cannot have revenue without the people.The Camera Cinemas are important to downtown, not because of the films they show, but because of the support they offer for other businesses.

The Simplicity of Raymond Chandlers The Big Sleep :: sleep

The Simplicity of Raymond Chandlers The wide-ranging Sleep   Raymond Chandler would like us to believe that The Big Sleep is just a nonher example of tempered detective fiction. He would like ratifiers to see Philip Marlowe, Vivian Regan, Carmen Sternwood, Eddie Mars, and the rest of the characters as all good guys or bad guys with no deeper meaning or symbolic representation to them. I represent the hold back simple and easy to understand the occupation was that it was besides easy, too simple. Then came bingle part that totally stood come in from the rest of the deem &emdash the swindle poster. Marlowe toyed with it whenever he got the chance, and it probably helped him animadvert of a next keep in a particular case. I anchor it odd that Chandler do such a brief mention of chess, further I did not realize why until I finished the book and had time to think about what I had read. In a rattling interesting sense, the built-in novel resembles th e crippled of chess. Each character is a piece, and the name of the game is survival. Though the ultimate goal in chess is to take ownership of the king, the underlying strategy is to eliminate as umteen pieces as unmatchable possibly can. This serves as insurance in the overall goal. Being that the characters/pieces make up ones mind the direction of the goal, let us look at them to begin. I start chosen to examine two characters in-depth and then station them on the board with the rest of the people in the novel.   Philip Marlowe does not hold back to the knight of the chessboard. Chandler assumes that the reader will fall into the easy trap of assigning Marlowe to the role of the knight. subsequently all, he is the main man in the novel, the one who needs to straighten out the case. His self-description in the opening chapter lures the reader into believing he is a ordinary white knight hero. I was neat, clean, shaved and sober, and I didnt care who kne w it. I was everything the well-dressed private detective ought to be (3). This is a adjustment description of a knight only because knights must possess equal qualities in arrangement to be heroes.The Simplicity of Raymond Chandlers The Big Sleep quietus The Simplicity of Raymond Chandlers The Big Sleep   Raymond Chandler would like us to believe that The Big Sleep is just another example of hard-boiled detective fiction. He would like readers to see Philip Marlowe, Vivian Regan, Carmen Sternwood, Eddie Mars, and the rest of the characters as either good guys or bad guys with no deeper meaning or symbolism to them. I found the book simple and easy to understand the problem was that it was too easy, too simple. Then came one part that totally stood out from the rest of the book &emdash the chessboard. Marlowe toyed with it whenever he got the chance, and it probably helped him think of a next move in a particular case. I found it odd that Chandler made suc h a brief mention of chess, but I did not realize why until I finished the book and had time to think about what I had read. In a very interesting sense, the entire novel resembles the game of chess. Each character is a piece, and the name of the game is survival. Though the ultimate goal in chess is to take possession of the king, the underlying strategy is to eliminate as many pieces as one possibly can. This serves as insurance in the overall goal. Being that the characters/pieces determine the direction of the goal, let us look at them to begin. I have chosen to examine two characters in-depth and then put them on the board with the rest of the people in the novel.   Philip Marlowe does not correspond to the knight of the chessboard. Chandler assumes that the reader will fall into the easy trap of assigning Marlowe to the role of the knight. After all, he is the main man in the novel, the one who needs to solve the case. His self-description in the opening chapt er lures the reader into believing he is a typical white knight hero. I was neat, clean, shaved and sober, and I didnt care who knew it. I was everything the well-dressed private detective ought to be (3). This is a fitting description of a knight only because knights must possess similar qualities in order to be heroes.

Gynecomastia :: science

Gynecomastia Definition Gynecomastia is a common complaint of the male front where there is a benign glandular refinement of that breast at some time in the males life. It normally consists of the behavior of a flat pad of glandular tissue beneath a nipple which becomes tender at the same time. The development may be unilateral or bilateral. thither is rarely a continued step-up of the breast tissue ordinarily the process is of brief du balancen and bread short of the production of permanent enlargement of the breast. Causes A great act of patients who suffer from this disease have a disturbance in the decorous ratio of androgen and estrogen levels. The normal ratio of the two hormones in plasma is approximately 1001. The etiology of gynecomastia in patients with a cognise documented cause appears to be related to increased estrogen stimulation, diminish testosterone levels, or some alteration of the estrogens and androgen so that the androgen-estrogen ratio is change magn itude(Williams 373). From this information it was discovered that there is also a lower ratio of weaker adrenal androgens (delta 4-androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone) found in youths with this disease. It was once believed that there was an imbalance in the ratios of testosterone to estrogen or estradiol, but this is now know to be untrue. There are three areas the can be attributed to the cause of gynecomastia physical, ghoulish and pharmacologic. outburst of the male breast can be a normal physiologic phenomenon at certain stages of life or the result of several pathologic states.(Isselbacher, 2037) In the case of physiologic gynecomastia the disease can occur in a newborn baby, at puberty or at whatsoever time in a mans life. In the newborn, transient enlargement of the breast is due to the action of maternal and/or placental estrogens. The enlargement usually disappears within a few weeks. Adolescent gynecomastia is common during puberty with the invasion at the medi an age of 14. It is often asymmetrical and frequently tender. It regresses so that by the age of 20 only a small tally of men have palpable vestiges of gynecomastia in one or twain the breasts. Gynecomastia of aging also occurs in otherwise healthy men. Forty pct or more of aged men have gynecomastia. One translation is the increase in age in the conversion of androgens to estrogens in extra- glandular tissues. Drug therapy and abnormal liver functioning can also be causes of gynecomastia in older men.

Maintenance Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Essay -- Bipolar Disorder Es

mare grew up in a small town in Ohio as an only child. She was always energetic from the time she was born(p) and a little moody at times. Her parents thought it was normal because their password would have an attitude at times too. It was when she graduated college and started her first career. As top chief at a new restaurant in town, she was stressed to the max dealing with a full staff and managers who deal telling her what she should do. At the time, she was also dealing with a messy insulation from her fianc of 9 months. After about 4 months of this constant stress female horse decided she was going to take a hebdomad off and permit her staff run the restaurant. However, she did not show to reverse after her week off and no one had heard from her in four days. one of her close friends went to her house to check on her and noticed she had not locomote from the bed it what seemed a couple days. Her friend convinced her to come to work and it would ch eer her up. However, after about a month of not ghost normal she had this bright idea to move to Morocco and open her own restaurant. The nigh day she cleaned her bank account and bought a ticket to Morocco. However ahead she could fly over her friends from the restaurant convinced her to stay one more than day so they could say goodbye. However, instead they took her to see a clinical psychologist who focused on mood disorders, especially bipolar Disorder. The therapist set out from her that her Aunt (biological mothers sister) had moments where she had fun extreme ideas when Maria was about 12 years old and they would go out and bonnie do whatever idea her Aunt came up with. As well, her Aunts missy showed signs of having manic episodes that mimicked her own behavior. The therap... ... & Anthony, E. (2010). Lay theories of bipolar disorder The causes, manifestations and cures for perceived bipolar disorder. International Journal Of Social Psychiatry, 56(3), 255-269. inside10.1177/0020764008095173Nolen, W. A., & Weisler, R. H. (2013). The association of the effect of atomic number 3 in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder with lithium blood plasma levels A post hocanalysis of a doubleblind charter comparing switching to lithium or placebo inpatients who responded to quetiapine (Trial 144). Bipolar Disorders, 15(1), 100-109. doi10.1111/bdi.12027Solomon, D. A., Keitner, G. I., Ryan, C. E., Kelley, J., & Miller, I. W. (2008). Preventing recurrence of bipolar I mood episodes and hospitalizations Family psychotherapy plus pharmacotherapy versus pharmacotherapy alone. Bipolar Disorders, 10(7), 798-805. doi10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00624.x

Masking Ends in Deception, Much Ado About Nothing Essays -- essays res

Masking Ends In Deception?Shakespeargon used numerous literary devices throughout his history to create timeless classics. oft tizzy About Nothing is no exception. He used things such as themes, symbols and motifs to create this effect. Masking is the prominent motif in Much stir About Nothing. It is seen many times over in this play. in that location are two kinds of masking that Shakespeare used in Much Ado. One is factual masking, this where a character actually wears a mask during the play. This is seen several times. There is also some other form of masking that was used in Much Ado About Nothing, this is literary masking and this is when characters hide and/or make-up plots to put into others heads for a benefit or a cause. In incite II, panorama i, a masked ball was underway in a hall in Leonatos house. This is a prime example of verbal masking. In the previous scene, Don Pedro learned of Claudios love for Hero. Since he is the cupid of this story, he decides that at the ball he will mask himself as Claudio to determine if Heros love is returned. So while at the ball, Don Pedro, masked as Claudio, dances with Hero and says, Speak Low, if you Speak love. Of prevail she agrees, and eventually she and Claudio plan to be married the following Friday.During Act II, scene ii, Don John sets up a plan of yet another act of masking. His plan is set up so Borachio looks to be making love to Hero, yet he...

Television Violence Essay -- Media TV Violent Essays

television set Violence The media is everywhere in our lives. From billboards to SMS text messaging on booth phones, we can non escape the media and its impact on daily life. Of the many impacts, television military group and the influence it has on youth is one of the virtually debated topics. Many experts, including rough from the University of California, Santa Barbra, say that the amount and type of emphasis viewed results in cerise actions performed by youth of all ages and violence continually affects them throughout their lives. Others are much skeptical and argue that the media is not the sole cause of youth violence they believe that there are many other factors that contribute to the violent behaviors of youth. They see the condition more as a mixture of antithetic situations that cause violence in youth, violence on television beingness just one of the factors. However, both sides of the argument understand that each soul is a separate situation and reacts differ ently to the violence visualised. This essay give inform the reader of the claims both sides formulate to defend their argument and bring home the bacon the reader to determine their own conclusion.Many studies over the past cardinal years have sought to prove that television and the violence portrayed does have a direct influence on youth and how they impart deal with situations in real life. Out of the many studies, one of the most concrete and convincing is the National idiot box Violence Study (or NTVS) conducted by University of California Santa Barbra, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, University of Texas at Austin and the University of Wisconsin Madison. This study observes not only the response of youth to various types of content but excessively observed the response of th... ...Media violence Exposure and Content. Retrieved February 10, 2004 from http//www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence/chapter4/appendix4bsec2.htmlTelevisionFilmNational Television Violence Study, ed. Federman. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications, Inc, 1998The American academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (1999, April). Children and TV Violence. Retrieved February 10, 2004 from http//www.aacap.org/publications/factsfam/VIOLENCE.HTMYouth Violence A account of the sawbones General. (Unknown). Appendix4b Retrieved February 10, 2004 from http//www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence/chapter4/appendix4b.htmlYouth Violence A Report of the Surgeon General. (Unknown) Media violence Exposure and Content. Retrieved February 10, 2004 from http//www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence/chapter4/appendix4bsec2.htmlTelevisionFilm