Boundaries of Freedom

The human rights of an individual play a very important role in his or her everyday life. The right to life, liberty, property, and freedom of speech are just some of the human rights that an individual is entitled to. He or she should have these inalienable rights for the very reason that he or she is a human being and he or she needs these in order to live a life with decency and dignity. Nevertheless, the freedom and rights that people have sometimes tends to conflict with the rights of others.This is due to the fact that individuals have different interests that sometimes overlap or create disagreement among people. As a result, the exercise of an individual’s freedom and human rights also has its limitations. The boundaries of freedom are observable in time of national crisis as well as in the government’s operation to give secure its citizens from harmful threats. In time of national crisis, the security of the citizens of a particular country is greatly challenge d.This is also the instance by which the government needs to exercise more than ever their authority to safeguard the rights and protect its citizens. Due to this, the boundaries in the freedom of people are most observable. In most countries especially in democratic ones, the government acquires its authority because the people entrusted them to uphold and protect their rights. In this sense, the government has the responsibility to lead and protect the people. The decisions and actions that they need to do in time of national crisis entails that it should be for the good of the greater number of people (Semonche, 2002).If the practice of an individual’s right will jeopardize the welfare of many people then the government have to do the necessary action to address this issue including preventing the individual to practice such right. Simply put, the limitation of an individual’s freedom is seen when he or she infringe upon the rights of another. During instances when the security of the people are threatened like in terrorist attacks, the government should do the possible means necessary in order to combat those violent perpetrators.However, the government should be mindful that they should not infringe upon the freedom and personal rights of the people. They should see to it that in times of operations or war, the innocent bystanders should not be involved. They have to make sure that there should be very minimal numbers of civilian casualties (Semonche, 2002). Moreover, the government should know their limitations. The government should always keep in mind that in every operation that they will make the greater good for the majority of the people should be implemented.Lastly, before entering into any armed combat they should be sure that it is a just war wherein the result is greater than damage it will inflict while in the state of war. Reference Semonche, J. (2002). Constitutional Rights in Times of National Crisis: An Historical Perspective . Retrieve February 24, 2009, from http://www. ibiblio. org/semche/history/civlib. html. http://www. ibiblio. org/semche/history/civlib. html http://www. un. org/News/Press/docs/2004/gashc3793. doc. htm http://www. campus-watch. org/article/id/891

Egyptian art Essay

Egyptian art is one of the most fascinating topics in both ancient art and ancient history. As a culture, the Egyptians truly represented themselves through their art and as a result produced a body of work that is rivaled only by the Renaissance. In the two reliefs pictured, the Egyptian ideal is pictured. This compares to the palette of King Narmer and the tomb of Ti in Saqqara. One thing that we can say about Egyptian art is that it does not change much over time. This can clearly be seen in the overall style of both of the reliefs pictured. One was done during the Sixth Dynasty and the other was done during the First Intermediate Period. The similarities in style are marked. From the stylized view of the head to the way the arms and body are drawn, the similarities are striking. This is compared with the Palette of King Narmer, which is from the Predynastic period. The same stylized images are displayed in this palette as in the two reliefs. Even in the tomb painting of Ti at Saqqara, one sees the same stylized images in living color. When we look at the Portrait of Ni’Ankhesut, one sees a relief image of a male wearing a headdress of non-noble bearing. He is also wearing a necklace, though we cannot see much detail. Our subject is seated, and above him we see some Egyptian hieroglyphics. These are probably cartouche in nature, that is, they reflect the subject’s name and rank within Egyptian society. The relief is composed in limestone, which was the primary building material of the time. The Funerary Stele of Iamu is another typical work of Egyptian art. Like the portrait, it is also composed limestone, but in this case, it tells a story. The Egyptians took their afterlife traditions and rituals very seriously and to that end, made sure the story of the deceased’s life and afterlife was told in detail. In this case, the tale being told is that of death. This relief shows the funerary rites as they are performed as well as hieroglyphics that explain what exactly is going on. In this case, the relief shows the process involved in serving the master and in creating the facade that is the Egyptian afterlife. Both of these reliefs contrast to the Narmer Palette. This is a two-sided object that is arrowhead shaped. Many archeologists feel as though it shows the dominance of Upper Egypt over Lower Egypt. Narmer is presumed to be a mythical god-king who presumably united Upper and Lower Egypt. Narmer is displayed prominently on both sides of the palette, and while there are some themes that are common in Mesopotamian art, there are aspects that are uniquely Egyptian. The partial profiling of the figure with the front view of the hands is Egyptian in and of itself and shows that Egyptian art had a style all its own even at the early juncture of its history. This palette also tells a story, that is, it tells the bloody story of the unification of the two parts of Egypt. This is also a theme that is indicative to Egyptian art. The nature of the storytelling that each piece tells shows that the Egyptians are very much interested in showing their own story and history through their art. Even at this early juncture, they saw art as a means of cultural transmission, and used it effectively to create the story of their own beginnings. Finally, the last piece of art is the tomb of Ti at Saqqara. This piece of art is unlike the others, in the fact that it still retains its original color. In this scene, we see who we can presume is Ti sailing on the Nile that is overflowing with fish and other marine life. He is with other warriors and is presumably hunting hippopotami and birds in the marshes. Again, the relief is highly stylized with no variations in the human form. As with the other reliefs noticed, there are no variations in the human form. Each person looks almost identical to the last, and the only way that one would know the difference between the various people is by looking at their cartouche or knowing what tomb one is in. It is even difficult to tell who is who in the relief images without the help of the hieroglyphic writing. What are the ways we tell who is who in the various relief pictures that we are exposed to in Egyptian art? One of the major ways that we can tell is by looking at the size of the person that is displayed. What does this tell us? What it says is that the largest person in the picture is usually is the main subject of the tomb or the hieroglyphics. The smaller figures are usually minor players or servants. Even spouses are sometimes displayed smaller in respect to the main figures. The main protagonist of the painting or relief is prominently displayed with the accompanying cartouche and tomb writings more than capably tell who is who in the grand story. If we look at the portrait of Ni’Ankhesut, we see that he is the largest figure in the relief. In the Funerary Stele of Iamu, we see that Iamu is most prominently displayed. Again, both of these examples show the casual observer who is the prominent figure in the relief. Additionally, the cartouche and the tomb writings show us easily who is the main protagonist. In the Narmer palette, Narmer is prominently displayed on one side of the palette, taking up nearly the entire side. This is the most telling sign of Egyptian art and supremacy of the figure. By making King Narmer the largest figure in the palette, the artist is showing the supremacy and the importance of Narmer in the history of Egypt. What can we learn from Egyptian art? We can learn that this group created a fascinating body of work that has permeated the world in which not only they lived, but we live as well. Without the Egyptians, we would not have modern portrait art and the art of realism that exists today. Though Egyptian art is highly stylized, we see shades of ourselves in their work. All cultures can look to the Egyptians for their own inspiration for their own art and culture. Each culture took from the Egyptians to form their own unique art forms and their own stylizations and themes. As a modern culture, we can look to the Egyptians for inspiration for the future, and we can look for them to reinforce our past so we can continue to learn more about the fascinating culture that continues to affect us even today.

Advantages of Skilled Worker Migration

Advantages of Skilled Worker Migration Doctors Without Borders â€Å"Doctors Without Borders†, written by Charles Kenny, discusses the advantages of allowing skilled workers to migrate from a â€Å"poor† state into a â€Å"rich† state and vice versa. Kenny also states that when medical doctors are allowed to migrate and work in other states it can cause all of the states involved to benifit. His main point in this article is that allowing skilled workers to migrate would boost the global economy and lower poverty rate in lower class states where the individual migrant workers migrated from. Kenny uses key facts regarding migrant workers total income to strengthen his argument. He states that between 1985 and 2005, the amount of foreign high income citizens in a state has jumped to nearly 10 percent. Kenny says â€Å"That’s great news for the rich states that benefit from their skills, of course. But as it turns out, it is also great news for the poor countries the migrants leave behind† . Kenny states that every immigrant on average sends approximately six thousand dollars in remittance per year to their home country. Also when migrant workers immigrate, they increase the trade between the two states by ten percent (Kenny 2). With this remittance, migrant workers can cut down poverty by nearly one third percent in low class countries (Kenny 2). Another fact that Kenny uses to prove his point is the booming IT industry in India. Kenny says that because so much information about technology was transmitted back to India in the 1990’s it has caused over 2.5 million people to be hired for IT work. The final point that Charles Kenny uses in his article is that the United States is moving in the opposite direction regarding this topic. Kenny’s opinion toward the United States and its idea about this article is this, â€Å"It is hard to find a more confused discussion than that surrounding ‘brain drain’. Opposition to unskilled migration is usua lly based on perceived self-interest, the threat of stolen jobs — a misguided fear, but at least a rational one.† Kenny says And at the other end of the degree process, there is growing concern about a â€Å"reverse brain drain,† as more foreign graduates from U.S. schools decide to return home rather than find jobs in America — again, often on account of byzantine immigration rules. Meanwhile, the U.S. House Appropriations Committee has proposed deep cuts to State Department international exchange program budgets that support the Fulbright program, among others. This shortsightedness regarding a program that promotes the talent trade in both directions isn’t just bad news for the development prospects in Africa or Asia; it’s likely to convert into a further erosion of America’s long-term productivity. The idea of doctors without borders has also affected the international system and its main actors tremendously. It has caused an incre asing number of politicians to being favoring immigration and bringing attention to the gains an individual state in the international system can create for itself on the individual scale within the state. For individual states in the international system, this topic draws much interest. Nearly every state in today’s global economy would like to strengthen themselves economically. With the increase of knowledgeable, skilled, migrant workers, individual states citizens will have more inspiration to acquire higher paying jobs. Kenny says that this is possible due to the amount of remittance sent back to a migrant’s home state. â€Å"If the amount of remittance sent to a migrant’s home state was doubled, it would lower the poverty rate and begin to balance the national economy. The amount of money sent back to home countries would triple the amount of foreign aid sent in the past year. This topic also effects individual global state on a more national level. As a growing number of educated immigrant workers enter into a country, non-governmental organizations will be strengthened. Fields of study like healthcare and technology would be improved drastically. For example intergovernmental organizations regarding workers of a skilled background can be strengthened by the increase of skilled migrant workers. In the global scale, the admittance of migrant workers into states needing skilled labor can benefit not just the country with the migrant worker, but the whole global community. On a lower scale, organizations located inside a state can be boosted also. With the increase of skilled migrants, organizations like IDCI’s, NDGO, SCOS, and many other non-governmental organizations can benefit by the increase of foreign workers.

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political science - Essay Example In such a way, the following analysis will seek to provide something of a discussion and analysis of the more pertinent issues and relevant tidbits of information that were presented within the documentary entitled â€Å"The Murder of Emmett Till†. Furthermore, an analysis and discussion with regards to whether or not this particular topic and/or part of history should be taught in high school will also be engaged. Firstly, as has been stated, the most relevant hardship is with regards to seeking to understand how any society could not only access the murder of innocent black teen but also find no wrongdoing with regards to those acquitted of this horrific and brutal murder is nearly incomprehensible. Naturally, the documentary itself goes into a great deal of death concerning the racial prejudice, bigotry, and hatred that existed at that time. However, notwithstanding this, such a brazen defiance of morality and the criminal justice system still does not help the reader to ga in an understanding of how such a crime could have taken place and gone completely and entirely unpunished; even in an era of horrific racial prejudice and a biased justice system. ... Rather, the most obvious reason for why such an equal place was due to the fact that the jury was sympathetic to the overtly racist and bigoted interpretations of a Mississippi that still viewed the Civil War as the greatest loss to the white race and to the way of life that they experience even within their own time. An interesting compliments that helps to prove the fact that this wasn’t be what we would label a â€Å"hate crime† within the current era is the fact that Emmett was thrown into the river with a cotton gin tied around his neck. More than merely having a crime of passion dictate that the child was murdered by an obsessive and jealous husband, the nature of the fact that Emmett was viewed as overstepping the racial boundaries that he should have been observing was directly denoted in the fact that a machine for separating cotton from the scenes was used to sink his lifeless body in a local river. This was not done merely out of convenience; instead, it was done as a statement to the fact that as a young African-American, this place was working in the fields under the supervision and direction of whites. With regards to answer the question of whether or not this is a relevant topic and should be taught within high schools, it is the firm belief of this author that it is the most relevant topics and at least cases similar to this should most certainly be discussed. The ultimate reason underlying this is the fact that even though this particular case is only one within a great multitude of cases that represent horrific and abject racism within a deep South, it nonetheless helps to take a picture why racial relations within the United States has continued to be such a dominant theme since the time of the end of

Women As Buddhists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Women As Buddhists - Essay Example Legends around Shakamuni Buddha abound; one of them tells of the death of his mother, Maya when Shakamuni was an infant. His aunt, Prajapati, took over the raising of him and later asked to join his sangha. She was refused. It was only after Shakamuni’s cousin Ananda has requested three times that Prajapati amd her 500 followers were allowed to practice Buddhism outside of the home, as nuns.  Legends around Shakamuni Buddha abound; one of them tells of the death of his mother, Maya when Shakamuni was an infant. His aunt, Prajapati, took over the raising of him and later asked to join his sangha. She was refused. It was only after Shakamuni’s cousin Ananda has requested three times that Prajapati amd her 500 followers were allowed to practice Buddhism outside of the home, as nuns.   This story has been denied as even existing by some scholars, who justify their denial by pointing out that it was invented to restore societal norms after the death of the Buddha    Mu ch debate has been engaged over this story, citing Buddhism as sexist from the very beginning. But let us look at the society of the times, for it is society that inspires and also creates rules and mores and acts as the impetus behind changing laws and constitutional amendments in every country. Firstly, Indian society was (and still is, in many places) a khast system which follows strict social mores concerning one’s circumstances of birth, familial status and gender.  ... A woman conducting the same practice was subject to rape, robbery, and other heinous crimes against women, which still occur today. Scholars state that it is very likely that Shakamuni refused to let his beloved aunt and caretaker be an active nun due to the dangers to women who were emancipated during his time. Since the Buddhist faith is centered on compassion and enlightenment attainable by anyone who can adhere to the practices and guidelines, it is more likely that Shakamuni was attempting to protect women rather than subdue them.3 It also makes sense that in his compassion, the Buddha placed nuns under the Eight Strict Rules and under the subordinance of the monks in order to preserve his teachings by not driving Indian society into anarchy by giving women too much freedom too soon. This certainly would have been the wisdom of one so enlightened, knowing the impermanence of the world and knowing that with time and changes to society through continued enlightenment, the rules could be relaxed. He never said that women could not achieve enlightenment just as men could; in fact he said the opposite: " 'Straight' is the name that Road is called, and 'Free From Fear' the Quarter whither thou art bound. Thy Chariot is the 'Silent Runner' named, With Wheels of Righteous Effort fitted well. Conscience the Leaning-board; the Drapery Is Heedfulness; the Driver is the Dharma, I say, and Right Views, they that run before. And be it woman, or be it man for whom Such a chariot doth wait, by that same car into Nirvana's pre sence shall they come."4 As to the eight rules, they are basically thus: 1. A bhikkuni (nun), even if in the order for 100

Philosophy of Small Groups Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy of Small Groups - Research Paper Example Wilson (2003) states that the importance attached to small face to face groups within the congregation is what allows many church members to personalize their contribution.1 The small group is the starting relational unit which is beyond family where ministry to one another starts, it is the arena of primary care. A small group is a highly effective means of individuals entering the spiritual growth process. It is made up of 5-10 members who get together weekly with the specific purpose of growing personally and spiritually. It entails open mindedness and encourages honesty in all aspects. Thus, the primary way to be connected in churches is through the small groups. The fruit of entering the spiritual growth process is one of the greatest things that people may have anticipated. According to Djupe (2006), feeling similar to other members in the church small group is positively related to practicing skills, confirming the importance of incorporating a social dimension into theories posting an organizational influence on individual behavior.2 One of the most fundamental steps for a small group ministry is developing a personalized philosophy of the ministry. This mainly entails defining priorities, defending actions and determining the next steps to take for the upward success of the individual’s personal life. The philosophical distinctiveness of churches differ with the churches core values, but all aim at ensuring the goals of the small groups are taken into consideration and that they are effective and beneficial for all the members involved in a particular group. The four-session trial period is one of the philosophies and this mainly entails people having a four meeting trial period in a particular small group. Thus if the small group does not satisfy an individual’s need, then one is likely to seek another group but this involves no hard feelings. Another philosophical detail can emanate where the

M.K. Ghandi The story of my experiment with truth Essay - 1

M.K. Ghandi The story of my experiment with truth - Essay Example As a consequence, ever person is liable for the truth and has a responsibility that it be recognized and valued by others. The first twenty seven chapters of the book see how Gandhi’s life is molded by his circumstance and then in turn sought to mold his own destiny. From his childhood, his being part of the Banya caste, growing up in Porbandar and Rajkot and being in general under the absolute duress of his parents social and political roles (4-7). He has a great respect for elders and people in authority, considers them beyond reproach or doubt. His experience as student, particularly the incident where he said that his teacher prompted him to cheat to impress a school inspector, reading Harishchandra and watching the play Harishchandra are key points in his childhood. These laid the foundations for his future treatise on truth and society which will led him to question what in his childhood he accepted so easily including his formative schooling experience and Hindu social customs (4). Gandhi considers his life experience as a process of contemplation, self-realization and application. In conjunction with his personal and professional development within and outside his primary context, he considers these as experiments that have allowed him to define his values and prerogatives. Such as in his early experience with eating meat, his commitment to avowing this food develops from compliance by rote and enforcement, defiance by subversion, rationalization through knowledge and finally true acknowledgment and acquiescence of the practice. This will set a pattern it seems for Gandhi: evident in the succeeding chapters of the book detailing his high school, college and early professional experiences in Africa and home. His life is highlighted by time of great self-doubt, conflicting familial and social aspirations as well as

Politics of the Middle East - Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Politics of the Middle East - Final Exam - Essay Example There is the observance of the Five Pillars of Islam including Observation of the Holy month of Ramadhan, the giving of alms, prayer, five times a day, the belief in Allah, and Mohammad as his Messenger, and the pilgrimage to Mecca. Both the majority Sunni, and the minority Shia, are in agreements as to the above Islamic essentials, hence a unique way of life is espoused through clothing code, gender socialization, the adherence to the above Five pillars amongst others. Fundamentally so is the Kingdom’s guidance through the Hanbali School of jurisprudence (Fiqh) that being present in existent pre-modern texts provides principals that are rooted in the literal interpretation of both the Quran and Hadith, in addition to being predominantly Sunni. Nonetheless, judgment is often divergent from other previous ones, as Saudi law provides judges with the powers to apply personal interpretations of the Sharia Law (jurisprudence), as principally guided by the above two Books. Apart fro m the above is the presence of royal decrees, these being the other chief source of law and governance. These decrees, supplement existent Sharia Law in such realms as commercial, labor and corporate law. Of importance, though to a lesser degree are existent traditional tribal customs and laws rooted in the traditional aspect of the Saudi people. It is worthwhile to note that the Saudi population is deeply rooted in its divergent ancient-urban traditions that are organized along tribal and clan identities such as the nomadic Bedouin tribal communities (Niblock 56). The existent Sharia court system primarily constitutes the Kingdom’s basic judicial system and processes, with its judges and lawyers forming part of the Kingdom’s Ulema, the religious leadership. In existence also, are extra-Sharia government tribunals, primarily set up to handle royal decree-related disputes. Of fundamental importance, is the final judicial appeal directed towards the King, who through Sha ria Law provides the final procedural measures. However, there exists criticism of the Kingdom’s judicial (justice) system specifically pertaining to its slow, arcane nature, which espouses a lack of some safeguards requisite in this modern era. The judiciary’s top echelon, comprising of mainly the older generation of Ulema, is ultra-conservative posing a hindrance to the Kingdom’s modern interrelationships with the global society. Like a majority of its Arab League neighboring states, the Kingdom is endowed with both oil and gas mineral resources. In fact, it is the leading exporter of crude oil primarily located in the Eastern Province, with oil accounting for roughly 95% of the Kingdom’s exports, in addition to 70% of government revenue (Schlesinger 75). Thus, through these vast oil revenues, the Kingdom, just like a majority of its oil-exporting neighbors, has utilized the same towards rapid modernization, hence promoting a sort of welfare state. Thro ugh its privatization of a majority of its critical industries, such as telecommunications and power/ energy, the government continues to promote economic growth. Through increased oil prices, from 2008-2009, have triggered a second oil boom, akin to that of 1981, with current per capita income being calculated at $7,400; inflation being factored in. Being

Implementing Leadership Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Implementing Leadership Change - Essay Example Organizational personnel’s beliefs and values need to be addressed for the change to be implemented successfully. Lewin has emphasized on bringing social change with the behavioral change in all contexts. Implementation of Lewin’s approach requires the CEO to confess being the cause of problem and accordingly the main part of the solution with improved decision making involving the consent of the leadership team. Mutual consensus in decision making would improve clarity of organizational personnel’s roles, and would improve the organizational culture. Kotter’s eight-step change model is an alternative solution to Gene One’s problems. The first four steps of Kotter’s model are consistent with the unfreezing step of Levin. The leadership team at Gene One needs to evaluate the effect of change and the way the new process’s importance can be communicated across the organization. Steps five through seven of the Kotter’s model general ize the movement step of Levin whereas the eighth step is consistent with the refreezing step of Levin’s approach. Gene One needs to improve its leadership structure and adopt measures to implement the changes

Mintzberg and Management Essay Example for Free

Mintzberg and Management Essay Throughout the 20th century a strong focus was placed on the principles behind management with Henri Fayols 1916 publication Administration Industrielle et Gà ©nà ©rale being one of the first books aimed solely at deciphering and understanding the intricate concepts of management. In his book Fayol presents his classical model of management from the perspective on an executive. Fayol lists and discusses fourteen principles of management which, although non-exhaustive, provides a guide on the execution of what he proposed to be the five elemental processes of management. These five primary processes consisted of planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling which advocated Fayols support of a dynamic system of management. In response to changing contexts, other new theories have been placed forward by other distinguished academia such as Henry Mintzberg (1973), John Kotter (1982) and C.P. Hales (1986) which offer more concurrent perspectives on the concept of management. Born in 1841 Henri Fayol had, after a three decade career as a mining practitioner, committed himself to the promotion of his theories on administration in 1916 through the publication of his book Administration Industrielle et Gà ©nà ©rale up until his death in 1925. Contextually influenced by the bourgeois environment of a post revolutionized France, Fayol advocated the notion of a flexible system of management which could be applied to more than just one setting. In his book, Fayol devotes more time and focuses on the five processes of management in contrast to the fourteen management principles as claimed by (Fells, M.J., 2000, p. 358). The first element, planning, is defined â€Å"both to assess the future and make provision for it† (Fayol, 1949, p.43). He goes on to describe that this dynamic plan must take into account a list of factors such as resources, work-in-progress, and future trends. Organizing considers the functional components of organizations along with the personnel and discusses the ideal conditions required of them. Commanding considers the responsibility that falls on every manager. The goal of managers is to achieve maximum contribution from personnel towards the welfare of the company through a number of factors. An example of these factors would be elimination of the unproductive, having a thorough knowledge of personnel and their respective binding agreements and an aim to be a role model. The third element of  management is coordinating which is defined as the harmonisation of resources in their optimum proportions in order to achieve results (Fayol, 1949, p. 103). The indicators of a well coordinated organization include efficient departments which harmonize well with the rest, are well informed of their responsibilities and also work to constantly adjusted schedules based on circumstantial demands. The last element, control, focuses on the timely verification of plan implementations. This element is applicable to all the other processes and its sole purpose is to identify any complications, amend any issues and prevent future recurrences. Due to their flexibility in implementation, the correlation between the introduction of Fayols model and the sharp rise in US productivity levels as well as living standards supports his approach to management (Fells, M.J., 2000, p. 348). Fayols approach is supported by another academic source (Hales, 1989, p. 12) which claims that â€Å"Fayol grasped the essence of management† through his classical formulation of the management functions. In 1973, Henry Mintzberg provided a new conceptualization about the roles of managers through his book The Nature of Managerial Work. Through his composition Mintzberg proposed and argued that the previously accepted role of managers which adhered to a systematic approach of planning, organizing, coordinating, leading and controlling were in fact false as through his diary analysis, Mintzberg was able to demonstrate that â€Å"the manager is not a planner in a reflective sense, and no amount of admonition in the literature will make him so. His milieu is stimulus-response.† (Mintzberg, 1973, p. 182). By performing an unstructured observation and interview procedure over a two week period, Mintzberg concluded the activities of his study managers could be categorized into three sets of behaviors or roles. He conceptualized these clusters of roles as: interpersonal, informational and decisions (Pearson et al, 2003, p. 696). Mintzberg also recognizes that all managers at some time exercise each of these rules but also that different levels of managers will give different priorities to them (Mumford, 1988, p. 3). In terms of contemporary management, Fayol and Mintzberg have contributed greatly to the understanding regarding the concept of management. However  both authors are not exempt from criticisms regarding their approaches. Fayols approach is widely considered to be too theoretical whilst Mintzbergs approach has been criticized for not being theoretical enough. Despite their differences in approach, fundamentally the two theories not only share the same elements under the guise of differently labelled terms, they compliment each other in terms of validity due to the strong correlation between results regarding the behaviour of managerial positions. (Fells, M.J., 2000, p. 359) supports this judgement as the journalist goes on to state that not only are Fayols principles still relevant, they are interrelated at an elemental level with the model of Mintzberg. (Lamond, 2004, p. 350) reinforces this argument through study conducted on a large sample of male and female managers of different ages and at different managerial levels. Not only did the survey confirm that there were indeed a central set of manager functions, as placed forward by Fayol, there were also a generic set of managerial behaviours as proposed by Mintzberg. In concluding despite their contextual differences, Henri Fayols Administration Industrielle et Gà ©nà ©rale and Henry Mintzbergs The Nature of Managerial Work fundamentally share the same innate elements. This is supported by the results which derived from studies conducted by academic sources such as (Lamond, 2004) as well as the research by other academic sources (Fells, M.J. 2000), (Pearson et al, 2003), (Hales, 1989) and (Mumford, 1988). Subsequently both approaches are considered valid and have without a doubt contributed greatly to contemporary management theory. Bibliography Fells, M.J. 2000 â€Å"Fayol stands the test of time.† Journal of Management History, vol 6, no.8, 345-360 Lamond, D. 2004, â€Å"A matter of style: reconciling Henri and Henry.† Management Decision, vol. 42, no.2 p. 330-356 Pearson, C.A.L. And Chatterjee, S.R. 2003, â€Å"Managerial work roles in Asia. An empirical study of Mintzbergs role formulation in four Asian countries.† Journal of Management Development, vol. 22, no. 8 p. 694-707 Hales, C. 1989, â€Å"Management Processes, Management Divisions of Labour and Managerial Work: Towards a Synthesis.† International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, vol. 9, no. 5/6, p. 9-38 Mumford, A. 1988, â€Å"What Managers Really Do† Management Decision, vol. 26, no. 5, p. 28-30

The Findings Of Our Group Presentation Social Work Essay

The Findings Of Our Group Presentation Social Work Essay From the findings of our group presentation, it can be said that quality means doing things right, but the things which the operation needs to do right will vary according to the kind of operation. For example, in the hospital, quality could mean making sure that patents get the most appropriate treatment, that the treatment is carried out in a medically correct manner, it would also include such things as ensuring that the hospital is clean, and that the staff are well informed and friendly towards patients. Its not surprising that all operations regard quality as a particularly important object. In some ways quality is the most visible part of what an operation does. Furthermore, its some thing that a customer finds relatively easy to judge about the operation. By asking is it right or wrong? Is it the way its supposed to be? There is some thing fundamental about quality. Because of this, its clearly a major influence on customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Quality then is simple meeting the customer requirements, and this has been expressed in many ways:‘Fitness for purpose or use, ‘Conformance to requirements, and in many other ways. Clearly, part of the acceptability of a service will depend on its ability to function satisfactorily over a period of time, and it is this aspect of performance that is given the name reliability. It is the ability of the service to continue to meet the customer requirements. It is important to realize that the meeting the customer requirements definition of quality is not restrictive to the functional characteristics of services. A report on your contribution to the group and to the work that was presented I contributed a great deal in the planning and writing up of the presentation. Our group communicated amongst itself both efficiently and effectively. Although we gathered on only one occasion outside academic hours as a whole group, the meeting was extremely constructive as we were able to discuss and arrange the main sections of the presentation. My role within the group was to design the slides and research on the topic I was allocated as a member of the group. Firstly, I decided to research on the theory of variation and the Deming cycle, and attempted to link these theories to the results of the care quality commission report on the two care homes of our choice. The other role in the work of the group involved introducing the main points of the presentation and writing up on one of the key points in the conclusion. A report on how the group worked together Group work has been defined by various authors, however Kurland and Salmon (2003) states that for some group work is just another way of talking about teamwork, however, working in groups is often presented as a good way of dividing work and increasing productivity. It can also be argued that it allows for the utilization of the different skills, knowledge and experiences that people have, (Cory and Cory, 2002). Kurland and Salmon (2002) describes team work as partnership, therefore he goes to describe partnership working as a variety of arrangements with different purposes, time scales, structures, operating procedures and members between groups and the community as a whole. Lowndes (2002) adding that partnership/group working achieves what would be difficult or impossible for a single person to do on their own therefore collaborative working is also known as partnership working. However, (Wildridge et al, 2004) argues that partnership working is not in and of itself a good thing. Y alom (2005) claims that for a group work to be effective 10 characteristic should be present: Develop goals and plans, Enhance communication among members, Develop and maintain positive relationships among members, Solve problems and make decisions on a timely basis, Successfully manage conflict, Facilitate productive meetings, Clarify roles for team members, Operate in a productive manner, Exhibit effective team leadershipand Provide development opportunities for team members. Our group work lacked the communication skills, hence working in a group proved difficult. Donovan (2005) states that good communication is critical to effective teamwork; it is far more than talking and listening. It is sometimes a complex and puzzling process. However, effective communication is possible with the right approach, techniques and some practice. Our group could have worked better as a team. The main flaw was our inability to meet up, discuss ideas and become all aware as to which stage of drafting we are. We at times thought different things were occurring and we didnt all pull in the same direction until towards the end when editing the slides.[1] These are the sessions where we worked well as a group. When editing, we looked at the slides and any idea brought up by one of our group members were considered. This process happened several times and this ensured us that we were all happy with the final copy of our presentation. Another disappointing thing about our group was the lack of met deadlines. However, this directly came as a consequence as a lack of deadlines set. Although the work was shared between the group, it was much disorganised as to when it should be done. It was very difficult for this reason to know whether we were ahead or behind schedule with the only dates determined was the final deadline for all work (15/04/2010). My experience in group work has showed that there are many problems that accompany group work that is people dont pull their weight and one person who dont turn up leaving other person to complete the task. There are problems with time management as some people might not attend time set because of other commitment and lack of commitment towards the task resulting in people not doing what was given to them, this is a big de-motivation factor in group as it pulls the whole group down and effects work. The day we met for the first time to prepare our presentation, our strategy involved first gathering all information on Deming using research skills like using reputable sources from the Internet, newspaper and articles for the next meeting. On the first of three meeting we covered what points were relevant and how would we structure the presentation and had an agreement on the type of care home we will use for our presentation. The following week we gathered our research together and highlighted the important and relevant information and set our specific points for each person to cover and what to research, we also began our PowerPoint presentation. My point was to design the slides and prepare a clear explanation of the theory of variation and the Deming cycle. On the final week we brought in our final version on what each of us would cover and finalised the presentation and practice our presentation and corrected each other if there were any faults and gave inputs to each other on how they improve it even further. What I learnt in group work with my colleagues while preparing for presentation that people who have good decision making skills will set a vision of what need to be accomplished and setting a structure of how should we aim to achieve it. This part involves being good at making decisions, as it is very crucial part in-group work and a good academic skill to have. This motivates other to decisions rather then leaving it to the end, as it helpss set a goal to aim for. There are also couple of skills that are crucial they include setting prioritise, communicating between colleague and inter personal skills. For example giving constructive criticism like our group did when we were carrying out presentation to each other.[2] (Rose et al,1989) It could have been wise to adopt Tuckmans literature on group development, based on a meta-analysis of the complex models which had previously been developed. It has the virtue of being memorable, but the limitation of being rather rigid.[3](Tuckman, 1965) [1] Davis,B.G.(2009)(2nd ed.) Tools for teaching. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass [2] Brower,A.M.,Rose,S.D.(1989) Advances in Group work research. London: Eurospan/Haworth. [3] Tuckman,B. (1965) Developmental Sequence in Small Groups Psychological Bulletin 63 pp. 384-399

Career Report - Pharmacist and Physician Essay -- Job Working Research

Career Report - Pharmacist and Physician Over the past few weeks I have been researching my interests, values, and goals. Throughout this research a lot of things that were already evident to me, were proven for a fact. My interests included researching different aspects of science and data analysis. Analysis has always been a big part of my life because I analyze everything. My values have been proven to be centered toward helping people and being around people. These interests and values are almost equivalent with what my goals in life have been over the past years. For the past few years I have wanted to become some type of pharmacist or physician. In this paper, I have researched what being a pharmacist and physician involves. Pharmacists have a very tedious job because it requires a lot of attention to detail. Pharmacists dispense drugs and provide information to the patients about medication. Not only do they provide information to patients about side effects, but also they inform physicians of the ever-changing selection of drugs and dosage. Weighing, measuring, mixing drugs, finding the identity and purity, and strength of medications is also an important part of the job. Pharmacists must be sure not to dispense drugs that will have a negative reaction to the other medications that the patient may already be taking. Pharmacists work in clean, well-lighted, and well-ventilated areas. They work with dangerous materials and sterile pharmaceutical products, which require them to wear gloves and masks. Many full time, salaried pharmacists work at least about forty hours per week. Community pharmacists research and dispense information and help for diabetes, asthma, smoking cessation, and high blood press ure.... ...ed throughout this paper that a career as either a pharmacist or physician would be perfect careers for me, due to the fact that they are equivalent with my interests, values and goals in life are. There is a lot of hard work involved in these professions, but my love for helping people would carry me through the stresses involved in the schooling and work required of a physician or pharmacist. Bibliography: ?Miniscript #178-Pysician.?Michigan Occupational Information System. n.d. 7 Oct 1999. ?Pharmacist.? Career Guidance System. CD-ROM. Coin Educational Products, 1999. ?Pharmacists.? Collegeboard Online. n.d. 6 Oct 1999. ?Pharmacists.? Occupational Outlook Handbook. Ed. Theresa Cosca. 24 Feb 1999. 6 Oct 1999./ ?Physicians.? Career Guidance System. CD-ROM. Coin Educational Products, 1999. ?Physicians.? Collegeboard Online. n.d. 6 Oct 1999.

Free College Essays - The Prejudice in Pride and Prejudice :: Pride and Prejudice

The Brutality of Prejudice in Pride and Prejudice The passage which best relates the theme of Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austin, is on page 125, in the middle of the page. This is where Mr. Darcy is proposing to Elizabeth, and is informing her of the inferiority of her family and connections. This passage is significant because it is one of the few times where the characters openly acknowledge that the sole purpose of a person's life is to achieve a high salary and a high social position. It is evident from every point of the story that all people care about is marrying into a higher social rank. And even for those who are comfortable with their current status, it is imperative that they only marry someone of at least equivalent rank. This idea possesses every character in the story and seems to motivate every action that is taken. The superficiality of this idea goes so far as to break the bonds of love. Darcy is willing to insult a girl as he is proposing to her, just to inform her of what he has to go through in order to stoop to someone of her level. Regardless of what Darcy thought his chances were at acceptance, he was still addressing a girl that barely knows him, and actually dislikes him. That is not a situation where insults are likely to bring results. This point is compounded because Elizabeth only gets slightly insulted by this comment. Her initial refusal of Darcy was based almost totally on his actions towards Jane and Bingley's relationship, and his treatment of Mr. Wickham. However, she is barely perturbed by this comment of Darcy regarding her family. This is so strange because one would expect Elizabeth to at least be equally mad for personal insults as well as for what was done to others. Pride and Prejudice ends with Elizabeth and Darcy each overcoming their anger against each other, and falling in love. However, this touching scene is ruined because of the appearance of Lady Catherine. She demands Elizabeth to marry Darcy, and tells Darcy that it would reflect negatively on his family if he were to marry someone as "low class" as Elizabeth. Free College Essays - The Prejudice in Pride and Prejudice :: Pride and Prejudice The Brutality of Prejudice in Pride and Prejudice The passage which best relates the theme of Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austin, is on page 125, in the middle of the page. This is where Mr. Darcy is proposing to Elizabeth, and is informing her of the inferiority of her family and connections. This passage is significant because it is one of the few times where the characters openly acknowledge that the sole purpose of a person's life is to achieve a high salary and a high social position. It is evident from every point of the story that all people care about is marrying into a higher social rank. And even for those who are comfortable with their current status, it is imperative that they only marry someone of at least equivalent rank. This idea possesses every character in the story and seems to motivate every action that is taken. The superficiality of this idea goes so far as to break the bonds of love. Darcy is willing to insult a girl as he is proposing to her, just to inform her of what he has to go through in order to stoop to someone of her level. Regardless of what Darcy thought his chances were at acceptance, he was still addressing a girl that barely knows him, and actually dislikes him. That is not a situation where insults are likely to bring results. This point is compounded because Elizabeth only gets slightly insulted by this comment. Her initial refusal of Darcy was based almost totally on his actions towards Jane and Bingley's relationship, and his treatment of Mr. Wickham. However, she is barely perturbed by this comment of Darcy regarding her family. This is so strange because one would expect Elizabeth to at least be equally mad for personal insults as well as for what was done to others. Pride and Prejudice ends with Elizabeth and Darcy each overcoming their anger against each other, and falling in love. However, this touching scene is ruined because of the appearance of Lady Catherine. She demands Elizabeth to marry Darcy, and tells Darcy that it would reflect negatively on his family if he were to marry someone as "low class" as Elizabeth.

THE LOST SHEEP, LOST COIN AND LOST SON Essay -- essays research papers

During Jesus’ life he was teaching in many different ways one of them was telling the parables. Parable is an earthly story with the heavenly meaning. That means that Jesus was making up a story in which there would be a real people, working of doing something that was common at that times. Sometimes he used the values whether material or spiritual, that were valuable in old times. So he was making everything to make the story look more realistic. But under the close of the poor man or woman and under the animal or a subject there was always something mach more complicated, something about his father, himself, and the people that were following the God or not. Jesus was telling the parable pretty often, usually the audience was tax collectors and the â€Å"lost† people that were passing by and stopped to listen Jesus’ stories. He told so many of them, but I think that the most important parables are about The Lost Sheep, Lost Coin and Lost Son. Because, that are the parables where he shows that God Loves the Sinners. Those parables can be read only in Luke. The Lost Sheep and Lost Coin are almost certainly thematically related, along with the parable of The Lost Son, which follows them. Many people are thinking that The Lost Sheep and Lost Coin are actually a double parable. The Russian Bible proves it. In it those parables are written under the same heading. Luke places these parables as an address to both tax collectors and sinners, and Pharisees and teachers of the law who were grumbling about Jesus’ association with those sinners. Thus, the parable becomes a response to the Pharisees’ charges as well as an announcement of the joy of finding the lost. â€Å"Joachim Jeremias includes the parable of the lost coin as an "apologetic parable," or a defense against the critics of Jesus.†1 So the parables of the lost sheep and lost coin are an apology, or defense, to Jesus’ critics, the Pharisees. At the same time, they are a proclamation of the good news to those who are lost. Reading of the parable is not as easy as it looks at first. Jesus spoke to the people in such a way that they would not understand. He explained what He was saying to only a few, who themselves had difficulty grasping it and sometimes denied it outright. There are a lot of ways to understand or, it is better to say interpret, the parables of Jesus one way an... ...) hi gave him the spiritual resurrection and gave back the power that the son had before. God's love for us is past understanding. When some people â€Å"did not welcome Jesus, James and John asked Jesus, â€Å"Lord, do you want us to call fire down from heaven to destroy them?†12†13. Jesus then rebuked them. Jesus came to save sinners, not to destroy them. Heavenly Father loves the lost so much that he gave his most valuable treasure--his Son--to die for the lost. Jesus loves the lost so much that he willingly died for the lost. The main idea off those parables is that we must love the sinner as Jesus and his father did. We must not react to abuse, with more abuse. We must act when abused, with love and need to be very careful not â€Å"to become a stumbling stone for the lost. Rather, we need to become a stepping stone for the lost to reach Christ†14. That is only a part of what parables tell us. It also tells us not to have judgmental attitude towards the lost. Like the oldest son had towards the youngest. The parable tells to demonstrate our love for sinners by bringing them to the Savior. Like Jesus did as he came to save the lost. So the main Point in those parables is GOD LOVES SINNERS.

First Day of School Essay

Like you, I’m going back to school tomorrow. Unlike you, I am the professor. So I can tell you what at least one professor thinks about your concerns. First, thank you for thinking about being prepared for the first day of class. I always assume that the students have not had time yet to get to the book store, so my first day plans do not require the book. Many of my colleagues, however, do use it the first day, and you are wise to have it with you. Yes, the books are heavy (and expensive — we don’t like the cost any more than you do) but it will make you look involved and dedicated if you have it ready to go. About what time to arrive, again, as an instructor, I appreciate your not wanting to come late. I refuse to let students enter the room after the lesson has started (but I am very flexible for the first few days while everyone is still trying to find where the rooms are. Even I get lost once in a while.) That early arrival may give you the opportunity to talk with someone interesting in the class, make new friends, and become more comfortable. For heaven’s sake, talk to people! While you are waiting for the class to begin, don’t be afraid to introduce yourself to other students and get comfortable. I usually arrive early so that I can get to know the students. I talk to them about things which have nothing to do with the lesson, simply because I like to know who they are. And this is the final point (thank goodness!) The instructor is not your enemy. Instructors enjoy students, learn from them, and are glad to have them in class. We want you to learn, and we get our personal satisfaction when we see â€Å"the little light go on† over your head. Relax, because you will have all the support you ever wanted.

Improving Productivity Essay

To talk about improvement we need to know first what productivity is in a technical view as a work application. As Montano said, productivity is the proportion that is achieved between the made product or proportionate service and the inputs that have intervened in the accomplishment of this product or service[1]; a measure of how efficiently an organization converts inputs into outputs. Taking into account its definition, it is important to know how to improve the productivity in companies. The specialization and division of the work are some of them. These allow major knowledge of the work, increase of the quality and therefore major performance of the workman; in addition there is a better control of the work, a decrease of mistakes and wastes and enables delegation. Mechanization saves time of manufacture, increases number of working hours, eliminates costs of training compensations and rewards, etc. Standardization allows a decrease of costs of maintenance, the scale and scope production. As scientific management (developed by Taylor) arguments, nonstandard labor practices are too expensive and wasteful; their approach was to homogenize the labor element of operation: standard methods and standard time. Productivity improvement involves methods study, with flowcharting as operator-machine time chart. Methods study, aimed at improving as well safety and ease of performing the work; ergonomics and the well design of distribution of plant are important issues in productivity. Effective communication clarifies the objectives of the whole organization and therefore allows saving time. Training, education, planning and coordinating activities form effective work. What is very important is to integrate as many employees as possible into this process. As Leon Ho express â€Å"Procrastination is the biggest time thief of all! † By identifying the reasoning behind procrastination issues, solutions can be found, such as breaking larger projects down into smaller pieces, scheduling some tasks for first thing in the morning so they are done, and delegating any tasks that are so routine they feel like a waste of your time[2]. Without a deadline, people tend to put things off. A time standard acts like a deadline, helping to keep people motivated. In overall reducing cost and waste, analysis methods that are made especially for areas of the organization, quality control and technology are the most known ways to improve productivity in any firm. No matter what type organization is, all search improvement in productivity that obliges better methods and equipments. However, improving productivity should be permanent, alive and part of the organization at all levels[3]. Now, new productivity needs to be broad and integrated. Bibliography MONTANO,Agustin. Administracion de la produccion.

Assess the view that ethnic differences Essay

?An Ethnic minority background increases your chances of arrest and conviction, some people argue that police racism in itself results in higher suspicion against black people in general. According to official statistics there are significant ethnic differences in the likelihood of being involved in the criminal justice system. Black and Asians are overrepresented in the system. For example black people make up 2. 8% of the population, but 11% of the prison population. Contrastingly whites are underrepresented. However such statistics do not tell us whether members of one ethnic group are more likely than members of another ethnic group to commit an offence in the first place; they just tell us about involvement in the criminal justice system. For example differences in stop and search or arrest rates may be due to police racism, while differences in rates of imprisonment may be the result of courts handing down harsher sentences on minorities. There are other sources of statistics to reveal link of ethnicity and offending. Victim surveys ask individuals to say what crimes they have been victims of. We can get information on ethnicity and offending from surveys when we ask what ethnicity of the person who committed the crime against them. For example in the case of mugging blacks are overly represented among those indentified by victims as offenders. Victim surveys show much crime is intra-ethnic; it takes place within rather than between ethnic groups. For example the British crime survey (2007) found 90% of where the victim was white; at least one of the offenders was also white. However while victim surveys are useful in identifying ethnic patterns of offending, they have several limitations. They rely on a victim’s memory of events. Ben Bowling and Coretta Phillips (2002) found whites may over identify blacks, saying the offender was black even when not sure. They only cover personal crimes, which make up 20% of all crimes. They exclude under 16s; minority ethnic groups contain a higher proportion of young people. They exclude crimes by big business; thus tell us nothing of ethnicity of white collar criminals. Thus victim surveys only tell us about the ethnicity of a small proportion of offenders, which may not be representative of offenders in general. Self report studies ask individuals to disclose their own dishonest and violent behaviour. Graham and Bowling (1995) found that blacks and whites had similar rates of offending, while Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis had lower rates. Similarly Sharp and Budd (2005) note that the 2003 offending, crime and justice survey of 12,000 people found whites and mixed ethnic origin groups were more likely than blacks and Asians to say they had committed offences. The Home Office have conducted nine self report studies on drugs since the early 1990s, all with similar findings. Sharp and Budd (2005) found 27% of mixed ethnicity individuals said they had used drugs in the last year, compared to 16% of blacks and whites, and 5% of Asians. Use of class a drugs, such as heroin or cocaine was 3 times higher among whites than blacks and Asians. The findings of self report studies challenge stereotypes of blacks more likely than whites to offend, though they support the widely held view Asians are less likely to offend, however self report studies have their limitations in relation to ethnicity and offending. Overall the evidence of ethnicity and offending is inconsistent. For example while official statistics and victim surveys point to the likelihood of higher rates of offending by blacks; this is generally not the results of self report studies. There are ethnic differences at each stage of the criminal justice process. To explain them we need to look at main stages of the process that an individual may go through, possibly culminating in a custodial sentence. Phillips and Bowling (2007) argue since the 70s there have been many allegations of oppressive policing of minorities, including stop and search, deaths in custody, police violence and failure to respond effectively to racist violence. Minorities are more likely to be stopped and searched by police. Statistics show Asians were three times more likely to be searched under this act. Its thus unsurprising minorities are less likely to think police acted politely when stopped, or think they were stopped fairly. Phillips and Bowling (2007) argue these communities feel over policed and over protected and have limited faith in the police. There are three possible reasons for the disproportionate use of stop and search against minorities. Police racism; the Macpherson Report (1999) on the police investigation of the racist murder of black teenager Stephen Lawrence concluded there was institutional racism in the Metropolitan police. Other have found deeply ingrained racist attitudes among individual officers. For example Phillips and Bowling point out that many officers hold negative stereotypes about ethnic minorities as criminals, leading to deliberate targeting for stop and search. Such stereotypes are endorsed and upheld by the canteen culture of rank and file officers. Ethnic differences in offending; an alternative explanation is that the disproportionality in stop and searches simply reflects ethnic differences in levels of offending. However it’s useful to distinguish between low discretion and high discretion stops. In low discretion stops police act on relevant information about a specific offence, for example a victim’s description of the offender. In high discretion stops police act without specific intelligence. It is in these stops police can use stereotypes that disproportionality and discrimination are more likely. Demographic factors; ethnic minorities are over represented in the population groups who are most likely to be stopped such as the young, the unemployed, manual workers and urban dwellers. These groups are all more likely to be stopped, regardless of their ethnicity, but they are also groups who have a higher proportion of ethnic minorities in them, so minorities get stopped more. Figures in England and Wales show that in 2006/07, the arrest rates for blacks was 3. 6 times higher than for whites. Contrastingly once arrested blacks and Asians were less likely to receive a police caution. One reason for this may be more likely to deny the offence and likely to exercise their right to legal advice. However not admitting the offence means they cannot be let off with a caution and are more likely to be charged instead. The crown prosecution service is the body responsible for deciding whether a case brought by the police should be prosecuted in court. In doing so CPS must decide whether there is a realistic prospect of conviction and whether the prosecution is in the public’s interest. Studies suggest the CPS is more likely to drop cases against minorities. Bowling and Phillips (2002) argue this may be because the evidence presented to the CPS by the police is often weaker and based on stereotyping of ethnic minorities as criminals. When cases do go ahead minorities are more likely to elect trial before a jury in the Crown Court rather than the magistrates court, perhaps due to mistrust of magistrates impartiality. However crown courts can impose more severe sentences if convicted. Thus is interesting to note minorities are less likely to be found guilty. This suggests discrimination, in that the police and CPS may be bringing weaker or less serious cases against ethnic minorities that are thrown out by the courts. In 2006/7 custodial sentences were given to a greater proportion of black offenders (68%) than white (55%) or Asian offenders (59%), whereas whites and Asians were more likely than blacks to receive community sentences. This may be due to differences in seriousness of the offences or defendants previous convictions. However a study of 5 crown courts by roger Hood (1992) found even when such factors were taken into account, black men were 5% more likely to receive a custodial sentence, and were given sentences of an average of 3 months longer than whites. Another reason for harsher sentences id pre sentence reports (PRs) written by probation officers. A PRs is intended as a risk assessment to assist magistrates in deciding on the appropriate sentence for a given offender. However Hudson and Bramhall (2005) argue that PRs allow for unwitting discrimination. They found reports on Asian offenders were less comprehensive and suggested that they were less remorseful than white offenders. They place this bias in the context of demonising Muslims in the wake of 9/11 attacks. In 2007, one quarter of the male prison population was minorities. Blacks were five times more likely to be in prison than whites. Black and Asians were more likely to be serving longer sentences. Within the total prison population all minorities had a higher than average proportion of prisoners on remand. This is because minorities are less likely to be granted bail whilst awaiting trial. There are similar patterns in other countries, for example in USA two fifths of prison population is black. There was large scale migration from the Caribbean and Indian subcontinent in the 50s, at this time it was agreed minorities had lower crime rates. However by the 70s there was conflict between blacks and the police meaning â€Å"black criminality† became more of a problem. Contrastingly by the 90s Asian crime also became viewed as a problem. Events e. g. 9/11 cemented the idea that Asians were a threat to public order. There are two main explanations for ethnic differences in crime; left realism and neo-Marxism. Left realists Lea and Young (1993) argue ethnic differences in statistics reflect real differences in the levels of offending by different ethnic groups. Left realists see crime the product of relative deprivation, subculture and marginalisation. They argue racism had led to economic exclusion of ethnic minorities who face higher unemployment, poverty and poor housing. At the same time the Medias emphasis on consumerism promotes a sense of relative deprivation by setting materialistic goals that many minorities are unable to reach by legitimate means. One response is formation of delinquent subcultures, especially by young unemployed blacks. It produces higher utilitarian crime to cope with relative deprivation. Furthermore as these groups are marginalised and have no groups to represent their interests their frustration is liable to produce non utilitarian crime such as rioting. Lea and Young acknowledge police often act in racist ways and results in unjustified criminalisation of some members of minorities. However they don’t believe discriminatory policing fully explains the statistics. For example over 90% of crimes known to the police are reported by the public rather than discovered themselves. Under these circumstances even if police act discriminatory it’s unlikely it can account for ethnic differences in statistics. Similarly Lea and Young argue we cannot explain differences in minorities in terms of police racism. For example blacks are more criminalised than Asians. The police would have to be selective in their racism for racism to cause these differences. Lea and Young thus conclude that the statistics represent real differences in levels of offending between ethnic groups and these are caused by real differences in levels of relative deprivation and marginalisation. However Lea and Young can be criticised for their views on the role of police racism. For example arrest rates may be lower for Asians because police stereotype them differently. Stereotypes may have changed since 9/11, explaining rising criminalisation of this group. While left realists see official statistics reflecting real differences in offending between ethnic groups, other sociologists have argued differences in statistics do not reflect reality. These differences are the outcome of a process of social construction that stereotypes ethnic minorities as inherently more criminal than the majority of the population. The work of neo Marxists Paul Gilroy (1982) and Stuart Hall (1979) illustrates this view. Gilroy argues the idea of black criminality is a myth created by racist stereotypes of African Caribbean’s and Asians. In reality these groups are no more criminal than any other. However as a result of the police and criminal justice system acting on these racist stereotypes, ethnic minorities came to be criminalised and thus to appear in greater numbers in official statistics. Gilroy argues ethnic minority crime can be seen as a form of political resistance against a racist society, and this struggle has roots in earlier struggle against British imperialism. Gilroy holds a similar view to that of critical criminology which argues working class crime is a political act against capitalism. Most blacks and Asians in the UK originated from former colonies where their anti imperialist struggles taught them how to resist oppression, for example through riots and demonstrations. When they found themselves facing racism in Britain they adopted the same form of struggles to defend themselves, but their political struggle was criminalised by the British state. However Lea, Young and Gilroy are criticised on several grounds. First generation immigrants were very law abiding, so it’s unlikely they passed their anti colonialist struggle onto their children. Most crime is interethnic, criminals and victims usually have similar ethnic backgrounds, so it can’t be seen as anti colonial struggle against racism. Lea and Young argue Gilroy romanticises street crime as revolutionary. Asian crime rates are similar to or lower than whites. If Gilroy were right then the police are only racist towards black and not Asians, which seems unlikely. Stuart Hall et al adopt a neo Marxist perspective. They argue the 70s saw a moral panic over black muggers that served the interests of capitalism. Hall et all argues the ruling class can normally rule the subordinate classes through consent. However in times of crisis this becomes more difficult. In the early 70s British capitalism faced a crisis. High inflation and rising unemployment provoked widespread industrial unrest and strikes. When opposition to capitalism was growing the ruling class may need to use force to keep control. However the use of force needs to be legitimated or provoke more resistance. The 70s also saw a media driven panic of the growth of mugging. In reality mugging was a new name for street robbery and Hall et al suggest there was no significant increase of this crime at the time. Mugging was soon to be associated by the media, police and politicians with black youth. Hall et al argues that the emergence of the moral panic about mugging as a specifically black crime at the same time as crisis of capitalism was no coincidence; the moral panic and crisis were linked. The myth of the black mugger served as a scapegoat to distract attention from the true cause of problems of unemployment, namely the crisis of capitalism. The black mugger symbolised disintegration of social order. By presenting black youth as a threat to the fabric of society the moral panic served to divide the working class on racial grounds and weaken opposition to capitalism as well as winning popular consent to authoritarian forms of rule to suppress opposition. However Hall et al do not argue that black crime was solely a product of media and police labelling. The crisis of capitalism was increasingly marginalising black youth through unemployment and drove them to a lifestyle of hustling and petty crime to survive. However Hall et al have been criticised on several grounds. Downes and Rock (2003) argue that Hall et al are inconsistent in claiming that black street crime was not rising, but also that it was rising because of unemployment. They do not show how a capitalist crisis led to a moral panic, nor do they provide evidence that the public were in fact panicking or blaming crime on blacks. Left realists argue inner city residents fears about mugging are not panicky but realistic. Until recently the focus of the ethnicity and crime debate was largely about the over representation of blacks in the criminal justice system. However recently sociologists have studied racist victimisation of ethnic minorities. Racist victimisation occurs when an individual is selected as a target because of their race, gender or religion. Racist victimisation is nothing new, but brought into public view with the racist murder of Stephen Lawrence in 1993 and the subsequent Macpherson inquiry into the police investigation. Information of victimisation comes from two main sources; the British crime survey and police recorded statistics. These generally cover racist incidents, any incident perceived to be racist by the victim or another person. They also cover racially or religiously aggravated offences where the offender is motivated by hostility towards members of a racial or religious group. The police recorded 60,000 racist incidents in England and Wales in 2006/7, mostly damage to property and verbal harassment. However most incidents go unreported; the British crime survey estimates there were 184,000 racially motivated incidents in 2006/7. The police recorded 42,600 racially or religiously aggravated offences on 06/7, mostly harassment. 10,600 people were prosecuted or cautioned for racially aggravated offences in 2006. The risk of being a victim of any sort of crime varies by ethnic group. The 2006/7 British crime survey shows people of mixed ethnic background had a higher risk of becoming a victim of crime than blacks, Asians or whites. The differences may be partly the result of factors other than ethnicity. For example for violent crime factors such as being young, male and unemployed are strongly linked to victimisation. Ethnic groups with a high proportion of young males are thus likely to have higher rates of victimisation. However some of these factors such as unemployment are themselves partly due to discrimination while the statistics record the instances of victimisation they don’t capture the victim’s experience of it. As Sampson and Phillips (1992) note racist victimisation tends to be over time with repeated minor instances of abuse with periodic physical violence. The resulting long term psychological impact needs to be added to the physical injury and damage to property caused by offenders. Members of minority ethnic communities have often been active in responding to victimisation. Responses range from situational crime prevention measures such as fireproof doors to organised self defence campaigns. Such responses need to be understood in the context of accusations of under protection by the police who often ignore the racist dimension in victimisation and fail to investigate incidents properly. For example the Macpherson enquiry (1999) concluded the police investigation into the death of black teenager Stephen Lawrence was marred by incompetence, institutional racism and failure of leadership by senior officers. Others have found deeply ingrained racist attitudes among individual officers.

Handle Information in Health and Social Care Settings Essay

Competent practice is a combination of the application and skills and knowledge informed by values and ethics. These questions detail the knowledge and understanding required in carrying out competent practice in the performance described in the unit Learner Name: Laeticia Belle Assessor: Date: 1. Identify the legislation that relates to the recording, storage and sharing of information in health and social care? The data protection act 1998 is the main piece of legislation that governs the protection of personal data in the UK. It defines the law on processing data on people living within the United Kingdom. The data protection act is set you in eight principles: Personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully. Personal data must only be obtained for a specific and lawful purpose it shall not be processed in any manner incompatible with the purpose it was acquired for. All personal data must be adequate, relevant and not accesive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed. All personal data must not be kept for any longer than its necessary. It can only be kept for the time needed for the purpose of that information. All personal is processed in accordance with the subject rights. They have the right to have the data about themselves removed if they so wish. All personal data must be secured at all time. Appropriate technical and  organisational measures must be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental lost, destruction or damage. Any personal data must not be transferred to any countries or territories outside the European economic area (EEA) without adequate protection. The freedom of information act 200: this gives individuals the right to ask organisations such as local authority, GP’s, local police all the information they have about them. They are some information that might be withheld to protect various interests which if that’s the case, the individual must be aware of it and information about individuals will be handled under the data protection act 1998. The full provision of the freedom of information act 200 came into past in January 2005 2. Explain why it is important to have secure systems for recording and storing information in a health and social care setting? It is vital to have a secure system for recording and storing information in health and social care settings so that both individuals and staffs private information will be protected from unauthorised viewing. It is the right of the individual and staff for their private information to  EverGreen Academy QCF Diploma Health & Social Care level 2 Unit: CU2547 Contribute to Health and Safety in Health and Social Care Knowledge Questions Competent practice is a combination of the application and skills and knowledge informed by values and ethics. These questions detail the knowledge and understanding required in carrying out competent practice in the performance described in the unit Learner Name: Nyandeng Malek Assessor: Elizabeth Ani Date: 1. Identify legislation relating to general health and safety in a health or social care work setting? 2. Describe the main points of the health and safety policies and procedures agreed with the employer? 3. Outline the main health and safety responsibilities 4. Identify tasks relating to health and safety that should not be carried out without special training? 5. Explain how to access additional support and information relating to health and safety? 6. Explain why it is important to assess health and safety hazards posed by the work setting or by particular activities? 7. Explain how and when to report potential health and safety risks that have been identified? 8. Explain how risk assessment can help address dilemmas between rights and health and safety concerns? 9. Describe different types of accidents and sudden illness that may occur in own work setting? 10. Outline the procedures to be followed if an accident or sudden illness should occur? 11. Identify legislation that relates to moving and handling? 12. Explain principles for moving and handling equipment and other objects safely? 13. Identify hazardous substances and materials that may be found in the work setting? 14. Describe safe practices for: storing hazardous substances?  using hazardous substances?  disposing of hazardous substances and materials? 15. Describe practices that prevent fires from: Starting? Spreading? 16. Outline emergency procedures to be followed in the event of a fire in the work setting? 17. Explain the importance of maintaining clear evacuation routes at all times? 18. Explain the importance of ensuring that others are aware of own whereabouts? 19. Identify common signs and indicators of stress? 20. Identify circumstances that tend to trigger own stress? 21. Describe ways to manage own stress? Learner signature: Date: Assessor signature: Date: IV signature(if sampled): Date: be protected therefore the protection of such information should be complied with the data protection act. Too protect confidentiality and ensures that information is accessible to those that needs to know, prevents identity thefts and maintain the rights of each individuals. 3. Describe how to access guidance, information and advice about handling information? There are many different ways a care assistant can access guidance, information and advice about handling information. These include induction, training, company’s policies and procedures, colleagues, individuals; codes of practice such as general social care council (GSCC). 4. Explain what actions to take when there are concerns over the recording, storing or sharing of information? When concerns are raised over the recording, storing and sharing of information it is the health care assistances duty to ensure that the issue is made aware to the senior member of staff such as the supervisor, line manager and all to colleagues. It is also the health care assistances duty to ensure that such information is recorded accurately. The service users permission or consent must be obtained in case the information has to do with their privacy. If the information poses a threat or any sort of risk to the service user for example; in the case of abuse then the information must be passed to the appropriate superiors regardless of the service users giving their consent or not but confidentiality must be ensured.

On The Road To Entrepreneurship Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On The Road To Entrepreneurship - Article Example the US with an endeavor to gain knowledge in diverse fields, thereby returning home and pursue lucrative careers that will boost the nations’ economy and create a self-reliant country. The program caters for air fare, accommodation, tuition and other miscellaneous family expenses. A large number of my colleagues spent their leisure time peers from home, read Saudi newspapers, watch sports, check in at restaurants and gather home to engage in recreation on a PlayStation. We create a mini Saudi Arabia in each of our protected university environments. However, this compels an individual to pose the following question, â€Å"Is that the best value for the investment that our country made in us?† this, therefore, highlights the need for maximally utilizing the investment instilled in us. It will be critical to go out and promote our country’s cultural and social aspects, both within the campus and outside in the business world, owing to our imperative number of over 100,000 ambassadors. For instance, if each of our colleagues went out to educate to our American friends about our nation, over a million US citizens will be conversant with our nation. This would eliminate the misconception about our country, as the media perceives it. If the beneficiaries of the program pursued any of these questions and went beyond my anxiety-neutral situation, I would have perceived the real America and learned lessons that would enhance the education that I endeavored. I mulled over the issue only after I graduated and started working in a US company. I retain information of my dad’s advice prior to coming to the US, â€Å"Son do not just come home with just an MBA, you’d better bring a technology business along with it†. I failed to consider the issue critically. As such, when he inquired after graduation whether I had a business arrangement, my answer was negative. At the time, I realized how profound my dad’s advice had been and how effortlessly I forgot. My country

Buffer, acid and base Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Buffer, acid and base - Research Paper Example A strong battery acid has less than one pH while a strong base has such as drain cleaner has about 14 pH (Lynnette, 2009). On the other side pOH is a measure of the concentration of hydroxide ions, alkalinity or OH-. It measures the basicity of a solution according to the dictionary of Chemistry. pOH is not measured independently rather it is derived from pH. The difference between the two can be described as pH means the H+ ion concentration which indicates the acidic nature of compound while pOH means the concentration of OH- ion which indicates the basic nature of the compound. The following equation will help us to know about both pH and pOH that how they make a 14 point scale for measuring the alkalinity/basicity or acidity of a substance. In the human body, all fluids are aqueous. It is a solvent that is only present in water. That means all body fluids have pH value either narrow or wide range. Scientific researches claim that the pH range of blood should be slightly basic i.e. from 7.35-7.45. If the range sees drastic change, it is very likely to cause illness or death as so much acidity and basicity is injurious for health. The Arrhenius definition for acids states that acids produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions or when they are added to water. Acids release Hydrogen ion (H+). An acid reacts with magnesium, zinc or aluminum and forms hydrogen (H2(g)). It also reacts with such compounds that contain CO32-Â  and carbon dioxide and water is produced. Acids can corrode metals, eat them away to weaken. Acids are so powerful that they can conduct electricity. They are found in car batteries that are so powerful to run the car. An acid turns the litmus paper into red. It is sour in nature and found in many natural fruits and vegetables e.g. lemons have citric acid. In a laboratory, it is very dangerous to taste acid. In kitchens, we find vinegar, a type of acid. It is acetic acid that gives vinegar a sour taste (Lynnette,

The effects of organisational change and the feedback of the change on Dissertation

The effects of organisational change and the feedback of the change on productivity in large organisations (financial industry) - Dissertation Example This large amount of decentralisation rendered in the organisation helps in generating a skilled work atmosphere in the concern which thereby helps in enhancing the productivity of the labour forces. Large amount of technological innovation rendered in the workplace systems through the installation of computer technology works to a great extent in altering the organisational culture to become more sophisticated and much faster in meeting organisational objectives. However it is argued in this regard that mere incorporation of newer processes and technologies in the organisational sphere does not solve the game unless a proper set of practices are regulated for its steady implementation. (Hakanson, 2-5). In regards to the above discussion focus can be rendered on the effects of organisational change like incorporation of information technology resources on the productivity parameter of financial organisations like insurance industries. It is found that the extensive use of information technology in the insurance industry has helped in the effective processing of financial information which helps in the optimal management of insurance claims made by different people. Coupled with the introduction of information technology the organisational systems of the insurance industries also were made to undergo some basic organisational changes like rendering of large scale decentralisation which helped in enhancing productivity. It was observed that the enhanced use of information technology in the insurance industries helped the insurance companies to develop larger network channels. This enhancement in the channel network of the insurance industries helped in augmenting the growth of marketing activities and also eased then premium collection process. Furthermore the increased use of information technology rendered in the insurance industries also helped in reducing the cost of maintenance of distribution and marketing channels. Reduction in the operational cost helped the insurance industries to make large number of investments in incorporating better technological processes and innovation systems thereby enhancing the productivity of the firms. (Matassa, Neirotti, and Paolucci, 1-6). Research Questions and Objectives Research Questions The paper divulges to answer the following research questions in regards to the issue of rendering changes in the organizational structure, systems and processes. Firstly it endeavours to highlight on the degree of changes that can be rendered in the basic organisational structure. Secondly it focuses on the processes through which such organisational changes so planned can be rightly implemented in the existing organisational system. Thirdly the paper endeavours to highlight on the effect of such changes brought about in the organisational structure in affecting the productivity parameter of the companies. Fourthly the paper in regards to the above discussion focuses on the case of a specific industry belonging t o the financial world. Research Objectives The paper while endeavouring to answer

Safety Culture in Saudi Arabia Research Proposal

Safety Culture in Saudi Arabia - Research Proposal Example Hence safety culture is the establishment of a safe and secure environment on the national, organizational and individual level (Taylor, 2012). This paper aims to deal with the safety culture in Saudi Arabia i.e. how we can teach it to the general public and what is it importance. In order to conduct this research a sample population has been constructed including people from different professions. Cultural safety is defined as the continuous process of creating value within a community. It revolves around the concept of ensuring safe working environment through setting different priorities. Fundamentally it relates to the level each individual is ready to accept the personal responsibilities in order to act safely while leading other also into the secure surroundings. This extensively involves communicating the security measures either through teaching or public awareness. Moreover, learning from past mistakes and making a clear reflection on previous accidents also helps. It includes medical safety, social security, health concerns of employees and the various hazardous impacts of government operations (Roughton, 2002). Teaching the safety culture in Saudi Arabia is particularly important because the country is developing with an astonishing rate. People are becoming more and more aware of their international value while on the other hand it also has a significant rate of to urism. Additionally, the religious beliefs prevailing in the country cannot be neglected while formulating a safety teaching plan. This further relates to different Saudi customs and traditions. Hence the teachers must have to maintain an open mind in this regard so as to establish a safety culture across the country (Cherry, 2013). In order to device a safety teaching plan for Saudi Arabia it is important to first understand the brief history of the country while

Week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Week 4 - Essay Example Nevertheless, the licensees of The Medical Board of Ohio are disciplined by the Board for violating Medical Practices Act. Other grounds of discipline include: Drug prescription in an inappropriate manner, issuing false information, failure in meeting the continuity of education requirements and impairment of ability to practice due to substance abuse. The complaint process from the civil is as follows: a number is assigned to every received complaint and reviewed initially by the Boards Secretary and Supervising member. A letter will be sent conveying closure of the complaint if no sufficient basis is found. The Secretary and the Supervising Member will be in charge of overseeing the investigations and gathering of information. If there is sufficient evidence, an attorney Enforcement Coordinator who drafts a formal charge to be reviewed by the Boards Secretary, the Supervising Member and the Ohio Attorney General’s office before being forwarded to the Board Members will be assigned the case. The Board members are the decision makers on whether or not the citation letter should be sent. (American Association of Retired Persons, 2004) The American Board of Medical Specialties, the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality are a lot of existing agencies giving help to combat medical malpractice policies. There are also the Government Accountability Office and the National Academy for the State Health Policy. A reprimand, probation, suspension, limitation and permanent license revocation are some of the disciplinary actions given for sufficient evidence of violation. There is automatic suspension for the Practitioners found guilty in court. The Board may also call for a summary suspension pending a hearing in emergency cases (American Association of Retired Person, 2004). There are many situations a physician might find themselves eligible for

International Hospitality Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Hospitality Analysis - Essay Example The sector has been through several upheavals. When the economic performs well the consumer confidence is high and people are keen to spend their disposable incomes on holidays and easting out. As the same time, the sector is also sensitive to unforeseen events beyond its control – like threats of terrorist attacks, foot or mouth crisis and the bird-flu outbreak (LSC 2006). In addition, there are other drivers of change which include minimum wage and holiday entitlement, health and safety, no-smoking legislation. The economy becomes affected due to changes in legislation, changing market forces, and periods of recession and inflation (Wilson et al. 1997). In fact everything from the impact of globalization to consumer savings can impact this sector. Hospitality is the fastest growing industry and exhibits tremendous diversity both with respect to the types of job available and the workers. As far as the human resource is concerned, there is a huge demand in the sector but the availability of staff is difficult. This sector is characterized by low rates of pay, high staff turnover, low levels of training, low skills levels, unsocial hours, seasonal nature of work, predominance of casual staff, and the non-professional image of the industry (LSC 2006). This sector traditionally recruits a young workforce yet the biggest challenge that this sector faces is that of skills shortages. The local people are reluctant to enter this sector because of low wages and job uncertainties. The hospitality sector in the developed countries is facing labor shortages and can expect to face even greater shortages in the future (Choi et al. 2000). As per the economic law of supply and demand, this means that the sector needs to offer higher wages to attract skilled staff as there is short supply of staff. If the sector offers higher wages, the profitability is affected specially during economic downturn. As such the hospitality managers need to prepare themselves for the future. In

Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Goals - Essay Example I also aspire to become a successful individual by earning due recognition as an expert in the field in which I'm passionate. And in order to prepare myself for a successful career ahead I have set for myself, some goals which I intend to achieve in due course. 1. Lose 15 pounds of Weight: Today's life is full of activity, tense moments, stressful working, competitive environment etc. which calls for a physique fit enough to take long hours of working together with a host of other activities. I have the fortune of growing in a jolly good environment which helped me gaining a few pounds more. Though I am fit enough to work for hours together, but I sincerely feel that I need to control my body weight so that in the years ahead the backbone doesn't have to bear excessive load. I plan to lose about 15 pounds of my body weight within the next one year, which will help me in finding the professional look. In the corporate world, physical appearance also matters, but for a young female it becomes an added advantage if she could maintain the balancing act. I am aware that even to lose the weight I need to consult dieticians and experts, so that I could do it in a manner acceptable to my body and I could sustain the slim and trim look for a long p eriod ahead. 2. To be 'Well Read' and Read Critically: Internet and IT are the buzzwords today.