A Note On Macro, Micro Evolution There Is Important For...

First off, when talk about macro, micro evolution there is much falsehood about these two words, but, understanding them is maybe the vital essential for comprehension the creation or development issue. Macroevolution alludes to major developmental changes after some time, the inception of new sorts of creatures from beforehand existing, yet distinctive, tribal sorts. On the other hand, Microevolution alludes to assortments inside of a given sort. Change happens inside of a gathering, however the relative is unmistakably of the same sort as the precursor. According to Berkeley.edu, â€Å"Macroevolution generally refers to evolution above the species level. So instead of focusing on an individual beetle species, a macroevolutionary lens might require that we zoom out on the tree of life, to assess the diversity of the entire beetle clade and its position on the tree.† Macroevolution includes the most amazing patterns and changes in development, for example, the beginning of warm-blooded animals and the radiation of blooming plants. Macro evolutionary examples are by and large what we see when we take a gander at the substantial scale history of life. It is not as a matter of course simple to see macro evolutionary history; there are no firsthand records to be perused. Rather, we reproduce the historical backdrop of life utilizing all accessible confirmation: geography, fossils, and living beings. Once we ve made sense of what transformative occasions have occurred, weShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review on Consumer Behaviour16053 Words   |  65 Pages319-355 www.themarketingreview.com Pachauri Moneesha Pachauri1 Nottingham University Business School Consumer Behaviour: a Literature Review In order to develop a framework for the study consumer behaviour it is helpful to begin by considering the evolution of the field of consumer research and the different paradigms of thought that have influenced the discipline. As described in this article, a set of dimensions can be identified in the literature, which can be used to characterize and differentiateRead MoreEffect of Internal Controls on Financial Performance11978 Words   |  48 Pagesover the world on the role played by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) towards economic development. Therefore, a vast literature on the growth and performance of SMEs has been developed over the years. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have had a privileged treatment in the development literature, particularly over the last two decades. Hardly any arguments are put forward against SMEs, even if development policies do not necessarily favour them and economic programs, voluntarily or not, oftenRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Wor ds   |  922 PagesJoanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. WhilstRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesContemporary Issues in Management Accounting This page intentionally left blank Contemporary Issues in Management Accounting Edited by ALNOOR BHIMANI 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesTeachers’ Workshops Teaching Notes for Student Work Assignments Case Study Teaching Notes 6 7 8 8 12 19 20 25 27 27 28 28 29 Chapters 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 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Each of theRead MoreThe Accounting Profession and Nat39077 Words   |  157 PagesMember Member Secretary Assistant Secretary The Journal of Accounting is a biannual publication. All contributions of articles, book reviews, research notes, etc, intended for consideration for publication in this Journal should be in English and should be submitted in two hard copies and a soft copy. Articles, book reviews and research notes intended for consideration for publication are subjected to reviews by three experts in the related field. The primary criterion for publication in the JournalRead MoreReceived Pronunciation: Historical Background and Application17580 Words   |  71 PagesDegree Received Pronunciation: Historical Background and Application Performer: Hamest Mkrtchyan Superviser: Narine Hairiyan Stepanakert 2010 Contents Introduction Chapter I. The Evolution of Received Pronunciation 1.1 Spread of English 1.2 The origin of RP and its definitions Chapter II RP and Non–RP: similarities and difference 2.1 Changes in the standard 2.2 Regional Non–RP accents 2.3 The American variant of English ConclusionRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesmarketing research Preparation of marketing research report Online marketing E-commerce Trends in marketing Page No. Marketing management – an introduction Unit structure: 1. Introduction 2. Learning Objectives 3. Marketing Management 3.1. Evolution of marketing management 3.2. The Role of Marketing 3.3. Marketing concepts 3.4. The Marketing Mix (The 4 P s Of Marketing) 3.5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Ethics in Marketing 4. Have you understood type questions 5. Summary 6. ExercisesRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 PagesCONSIDERATIONS ...6 INVESTMENTS IN TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT ..... 14 INVESTMENT PRACTICES FOR IMPROVED RETENTION ............................................................ 32 INVESTMENTS IN JOB-SECURE WORKFORCES .......... 42 ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES ............................................................. 56 NONTRADITIONAL INVESTMENT APPROACHES ......... 58 SUMMARY............................................................... 67 NOTES.........................................

Gender Stereotypes In Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury

In Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, there were stereotypes all over, whether they were intentional or not. There were specific requirements people thought they needed to meet in society. Women thought they needed to stay home and take care of the children to be thought of an acceptable woman and a good wife. Men thought they needed to put up a front all the time and be emotionless so people did not think they were weak. People of colour and people who were part of the LGBTQ community were seen as such a minority, they were not even mentioned in the book, which says a lot about the time while he was writing. Throughout the entire book, the same three stereotypes seem to be more prominent than others which are women’s roles, men’s roles and†¦show more content†¦Men were expected to be the sole providers of the family and bring home the bacon. At the beginning of the book, Montag’s daily schedule was for him to leave the house, do his job, come back home, sl eep and eat. Although that is what men were expected to do. It would have been highly unlikely that a woman would have had a job as a firefighter because the society and culture insisted that it was a man’s job and would not be acceptable for a woman to do such work. Men were also expected to be strong, masculine and be good decision makers. In part one Mildred was hinting that she wanted a fourth parlor wall and was looking for an answer from Montag because he is the one that deals with the money and makes the decisions of the house. She says â€Å"It’ll be more fun when we can afford to have the fourth wall installed, how long you figure before we save up and get the fourth wall torn out and a fourth wall-TV is put in? It’s only two thousand dollars.† (Bradbury 18). Montag goes on to say that one-third of his yearly pay and Mildred relies with â€Å"I think you should consider me sometimes†¦.We could do without a few things† (Bradbury 18). M ost people in the book and in the 1950’s followed these stereotypes, rather than breaking free and becoming their own person. Although most of them were the same there was a lack of minorities being present orShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination And Its Effects On Society962 Words   |  4 Pagesis that among people who care more about learning than sports, and those who do the opposite. Typically, the stereotype is that athletes are â€Å"all brawn and no brain†, while â€Å"nerds† spend all of their time learning and lack social skills. With the public becoming more obsessed with technology and not as encouraged to socialize, society has started to place everybody under various stereotypes, some of which are derogatory, instead of making an effort to get to know people before making judgments. ThereRead MoreEssay on Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury2072 Words   |  9 PagesFahrenheit 451 There appears to be some writing on the note ... Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, is a science fiction novel that discusses and shows the life of a very controlled society. The society is not allowed to read books and is punished for doing so. The books are burned at 451 degrees Fahrenheit, which is the temperature it takes book paper to burn (Bradbury 1). Although society today isnt like that as far as books are concerned, the author still shows some trends that are occurring

Essay about Analysis of the Call of the Wild by Jack London

The book I selected to read during this semester is the literary classic The Call of the Wild, a 1903 novel by award-winning author Jack London. I chose to read this story because it is a classic novel and the heroic tone of the novel appealed to me. The novel tells of an initially pampered dog, Buck, and the progression of his tendency to revert to the inner instincts of fierce violence and extreme competition instilled in him. In the process, Buck goes through several different masters before finally landing with the right one. The Call of the Wild is made interesting by the literary devices used in the novel, the simple and robust tone used by London, and the process that the protagonist Buck undergoes in reverting back to his†¦show more content†¦For example, a theme of survival of the fittest is presented when Buck first joins the sledding team, as there is a constant power struggle between characters, particularly Buck and Spitz. On the other hand, incidents such as Bu ck’s initial beating at the hand of his master symbolize Buck’s departure from his pampered life at the estate to his survival-based situation as a sled dog. These literary devices add a crucial element to the book and enhance the story for the reader. Another important component of The Call of the Wild is the distinct tone London uses in the story. He primarily uses a simple and robust tone, such as on page 56 when Buck is physically drained from pulling the sleds. On page 56 London writes: â€Å"All that stirring of old instincts which at stated periods drives men out from the sounding cities to forest and plain to kill things by chemically propelled leaden bullets, the blood lust, the joy to kill-all this was Bucks, only it was infinitely more intimate. He was ranging at the head of the pack, running the wild thing down, the living meat, to kill with how own teeth and wash his muzzle to the eyes in warm blood. This blatant and robust tone compliments the untamed se tting and violence in the plot of the story. Perhaps the most important aspect of the novel was the progressive shift back to instinctive qualities of Buck. When the story begins, Buck is living as a pampered housedog at a large estate,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Jack London s The Call Of The Wild 1306 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent literary movements. Authors choose the writing style they want, and whether or not to be in a movement. Jack London was one of these authors. He chose to be a part of the naturalism movement. Naturalism is a literary movement with the belief that humans and animals being shaped by their environment. He then chose to use indirect discourse in one of his most popular books The Call of the Wild. Free Indirect Discourse is when the reader knows the thoughts of the main character while having a thirdRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Jack Londons The Call Of The Wild707 Words   |  3 PagesThe Call of the Wild Literary Analysis Have Have you ever read The Call of the Wild? The Call of the Wild by Jack London it is a story about a dog name Buck that transformation from a pampered pet to a fierce,masterful wild,animal, and this transformation naturally means that the canine protagonist gradually separates himself from his human masters on his way to achieving a final independence. Nevertheless, The Call of the Wild ultimately offers an ambiguous,rather than negative, portrait of Buck’sRead MoreA Analysis of Jack London Novels2925 Words   |  12 PagesA literary Analysis of Jack London three most recognized works, Sea Wolf; The Call of the Wild; and White Fang. Jack London lived a full life, even though he died at the young age of forty. In his life time he experienced many things, and I believe that these experiences were the catalyst of his novels. Jack London was an oyster pirate, a government patrolman in San Francisco Bay, a sailor and an agrarian reformer, a seal hunter in the North Pacific and a gold prospector in the frozenRead MoreCall Of The Wild Analysis773 Words   |  4 PagesThe Call of the Wild Literacy Analysis â€Å"Buck stood and looked on, the successful champion, the dominant primordial beast who had made his kill and found it good.† (London, 43). In the adventure novel by Jack London, The Call of the Wild, a huge 140 pound Saint Bernard/Scotch Shepherd named Buck goes through internal and external challenges that leaves him retrogressed and more wild than ever. He adapts to the wild Northland environment that he had never experienced in the sunny state of CaliforniaRead MoreSummary Of The Call Of The Wild By Jack London1908 Words   |  8 Pages Ms. Stone English 10 H 11 November 2016 Journal Entry #1: The Call Of The Wild, by Jack London 1. Section Summary A large dog, named Buck, lives on a big estate in the heart of Santa Clara Valley. While in the midst a famous gold rush in Klondike, Canada, many men need sled dogs to get around on the snow. Buck does not realize the great fear that he is in while living during this time. Manuel, a gardener on the estate that Buck lives on, gambles Buck to another man and loses. Buck beginsRead MoreProcess Analysis : Esl 4071140 Words   |  5 PagesEssay Draft 2: Process Analysis ESL 407 – L06 Felicia Lim Lixue No matter what stresses you face in daily life, a good book transports you to a completely different world, allowing you to lose yourself in a great story. Reading expands your horizons, pushes your imagination, and improves your writing skills. However, it is unfortunate that many find reading can be a chore; it is frequently done during exams as a way to absorb information and being tested for it. Therefore, it is critical to realizeRead MoreAnalysis of The Man with the Twisted Lip, The Adventure of the Speckled Band, and The Red Room2090 Words   |  9 PagesAnalysis of The Man with the Twisted Lip, The Adventure of the Speckled Band, and The Red Room The Victorian era was a time of great change; industrialisation, imperialism, scientific discovery. These changes reflect in the new topics of contemporary literature. In this essay I am going to look at the effect created by Arthur Conan Doyle and H G Wells in three short stories, analysing how this effect has added to the plot, setting and atmosphere. In order to fullyRead MoreA Critical Analysis of Oscar Wildes Importance of Being Earnest3101 Words   |  12 PagesIdentity 8 The Critique of Marriage 8 Idleness of the Aesthete and the Leisure Class 9 The Plot vs. Characterization 9 The Analysis of Character 9 The Structure Analysis of Plot 10 The Title of the play 11 Conclusion 12 Critiquing Play Introduction The play, The Importance of Being Earnest, is written by Oscar Wilde and was first performed in London at St. Jamess Theatre on fourteen February of the year of 1895. In order to escape burdensome social obligations, fictitious personalRead MoreThis Boys Life Critical Analysis Essay1965 Words   |  8 PagesCritical Analysis- A Struggle with Identity This Boys Life is the autobiographical account of teenager. Toby and his mothers search for financial stability and a peaceful life. Toby’s family was split down the middle as a child, leaving his father and older brother on the East Coast and, for the most part, uninvolved in Toby’s life. The story begins when Toby and his mother, Rosemary, leave her abusive boyfriend in Florida to take their chances at becoming rich on uranium mines in Utah. They areRead MoreAnalysis Of Where I m Calling From By Raymond Carver2284 Words   |  10 PagesArtapong Intapatana September 16, 2014 English Literature: Critical Thinking and Composition Prof. Jennifer Smith Where I’m Calling From Analysis â€Å"Where I’m Calling From† by Raymond Carver is a short story about a man’s struggle with Alcoholism, and his encounters at a drying-out facility or treatment center. The story itself seems very straight forward in the way it’s presented, 3rd person perspective, narrative writing style, realism (ENotes.com), but in actuality there’s a lot more to the story

International Business Essay - 619 Words

International business has many aspects that you need to be aware of before doing business in another country, whether you are a small business or a fortune 500 company. There are many different cultures and ways of doing business around the world. I choose to focus in on doing business in Italy. They have many different ways of doing things than we do here in the United States. There are certain topics of conversation that are welcome, there are certain ways of dressing, certain ways to make a deal with them and many more. Italy also belongs to many International organizations. In Italy when you are doing business with them, Italians would rather do business with a superficial acquaintance than a complete stranger. In Italian†¦show more content†¦When doing business in Italy dressing well is a priority. Italians perceive how you dress as a reflection of your social standing and relative success, as well as your competence as a businessperson. The dress tends to be on the formal side whether for business or for social situations. You should do your best to make clothing choices that are both tasteful and stylish. Italians would never wear scuffed, unshined or unfashionable shoes. Men should wear expensive sophisticated, ties and well-cut dark suits. Men often wear accessories such as cuff links, tie clips, and stylish watches. Women are advised to dress simply and with elegance. Italian businesswomen usually wear more makeup and jewelry than American women do. Women do not wear stockings in the summer. Both men and women use perfumes and colognes. When getting ready to make a deal with an Italian businessperson you should have a translator close by because many Italians do not speak English very well. When you are selecting your negotiating team, Italians prefer to do business with the most important people in an organization. Use business cards that are translated into Italian on the back; make sure to included any advanced educational degrees you hold and your full title or position. Italians like to know whether they are dealing with an important person. Very senior Italian businesspeople have less information on their business cards. InShow MoreRelatedInternational Business Ventures2671 Words   |  11 PagesInternational Business Ventures Measuring a potential business venture has many aspects which the international manager must be aware of in order to convey the correct information back to the decision makers. Being ignorant to any of the aspects can lead to a false representation of the project, and hence an uninformed decision being passed. In order for a business to survive it must grow. For growth to be optimal, management must first be able to identify the most attractive prospective leadsRead MoreChallenges of International Business Management1037 Words   |  5 PagesCHALLENGES OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT What are the challenges of International Business Management? International business management is a term that is used collectively to describe all commercial transactions which include; †¢ Private †¢ Governmental †¢ Sales †¢ Investments †¢ Transportation The above take place between two or more nations. It involves all business activities which partake in cross border activities of goods, services and resources between nations. PrivateRead MoreInternational Business1578 Words   |  7 PagesInternational business contains all business transactions private and governmental, sales, investments, logistics, and transportation that happen between two or more regions, nations and countries beyond their political limits. Generally, private companies undertake such transactions for profit governments undertake them for profit and for political reasons. It refers to all those business activities which involve cross border transactions of goods, services, resources between two or more nationsRead MoreInternational Business And International Marketing1457 Words   |  6 PagesInternational business compares all commercial transactions like private and government, investments and sales and transportation which take place between two or more regions , nations and countries beyond their political boundries.simply international business is exchange of goods and services among business and individual in multiple count ries. International business such as an essential subject for students around the world because international business is vital ingredient in entrepreneurshipRead MoreInfluential Factors of International Business and International Business Environment4145 Words   |  17 PagesA Business Growth and Strategy Project On INFLUENTIAL FACTORS OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT By: Ankit D Jethani 6937 Business Environment consist of every factors influential to the business operations. These factors are classified into two broad categories. These are: a) External or UncontrollableRead MoreInternational Business Environment6667 Words   |  27 PagesModule specification INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Code: PGBM04 Credits: 15 Level: Masters FBL, Business School Board: Postgraduate Business Studies Learning Hours: 150 of which 30 CONTACT hours Rationale 1. The international business environment is multi-dimensional, including economic, political, socio-cultural and technological influences. While each can be viewed in specific national settings, increasingly they have become interrelated through processes of globalisation. In particularRead MoreInternational Business5797 Words   |  24 Pagesof world output and world exports accounted for by the United States and other long-established developed nations is unlikely. FALSE 23. (p. 21) A current trend in international business is the growth of medium-sized and small multinationals, known as mini-multinationals. TRUE 24. (p. 22) Today, the risks involved in doing business in countries such as Russia are low, but so are the returns. FALSE 25. (p. 23) If the free market reforms in China continue for two more decades, China may move fromRead MoreInternational Trade As A Tool For International Business1707 Words   |  7 Pagesfourteen asks some very important questions regarding international trade as SME and MNE evolve globally due to technology. Therefore as international business continues to evolve companies are find easier ways to find importers and exporters from the comfort of their offices without the costly methods of travel and due diligences trying to find reputable companies to handle their needs. Using a variety of sources I will analyze international trade through the use of websites and go into detail aboutRead MoreBusiness Administration International Business Essay1784 Words   |  8 PagesBUSINESS ADMINISTRATION amp; INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS In the literal meaning, Business refers to an organized approach to providing customers with the goods and services they want. Business Administration has over the years taken the form of a formal field of knowledge, besides engineering medical and even closely-related Economics. In the 20th century, with the development and growth of business schools in America and Europe, the dynamics of business administration changed. With more research conductedRead MoreThe Problem Of International Business842 Words   |  4 Pages International business c Trade occurring between one or more countries worldwide. Balance of trade Difference in value of a countries imported and exported goods. Balance of payments Also known as BOP, is the monitoring of all international money transactions during specific times. Global dependency The dependency of one nation to another. Competitive advantage The advantage a company has over its competitors, allowing them to achieve greater

The Comprehensive Effects of War Essay - 1144 Words

Bullets whizzing and bomb shells flying, an occurrence often thought of as the only negative effect of war and as only happening to soldiers, a simply counterfactual statement. The effects of war are seen throughout the novels A Separate Peace by John Knowles and Lord of the Flies by William Golding, two books written about wars by men who were involved in war. Knowles went to school during World War II and then joined the Royal Air Force for eight months. Golding joined the Royal Navy in 1940 and fought a variety of battles for seven years. War has an impact on civilians as much it has an impact on the soldiers in the war physically, emotionally, and morally. Physical effects on civilians as well as soldiers are a large part of†¦show more content†¦Because it has become such a big military strategy to bomb civilians, civilians are also often physically injured in war. There are many examples of the physical effects of war in Lord of the Flies and A Separate Peace. In Lord o f the Flies, some of the characters involved in war on the island die. When Ralph goes to confront Jack, Piggy dies. A rock falls, hits him, and sends him flying through the air to land on a rock forty feet down and have his body washed away by the sea when Piggy is on the cliffs (Golding 181). This shows a casualty while Ralph is trying to come to peaceful agreements during a time of war between his people and Jacks people. In A Separate Peace, Finny’s death in chapter twelve demonstrates a symbolic example of death in war. Neither Gene nor Finny are in the war, but Finny’s death shows the tragedies of death during a time of war. During war, many people die, but contrary to popular belief, civilians are included in these casualties as well as soldiers. A frequently overlooked effect of war, the emotional effects, exist abundantly. It became a large military strategy to attack helpless people who were not involved in war and as a result, people are dying, and civilia ns are living in a constant fear of death; a serious emotional toll. The main goal of the attacks was to force fear into the citizens of the country, making them fall apart mentally, and Rogers 3 emotionally. BecauseShow MoreRelatedSexual Education During The Late 1900 S1428 Words   |  6 Pageseducation in America has been problematic since the late 1900’s because there is simply a lack of it. Sexual education has transformed over a hundred years, abated by the effect of religious upbringings and conservative outlooks. However, as evolved as it is today, it is still a national issue because of the ongoing struggle of comprehensive sexual education against abstinence, and in the midst of the two, students are still not being exposed to proper sexual health. Sexual education started towards theRead MoreThe, Birds And The Bees Analogy1575 Words   |  7 Pagestheir sexuality. However, this fact doesn’t mean that both parties are satisfied with what actually happens during a sexual intercourse. During 1960s, teen pregnancies boomed resulting from the â€Å"Baby Boom† that occurred after the second World War and the Cold War. However, it slowly decreased into the late 1990s. As a result, public schools have started teaching sex education as a part of health and physical education in order to control teen pregnancies. In United States, twenty-two states as wellRead MoreThe Impact Of World War One ( Wwi )995 Words   |  4 Pageswhen discussing the impact of World War One (WWI), as the impact is often less glorified when compared to the bloodshed of the battlefields. This exhibition looks at life in Australia during WWI and explores the experiences of those away from the actual fighting who are at home. By extensively using p rimary sources and brief profiles of both notable and everyday Australians during WWI, the exhibit gives a holistic view on life in Australia during the Great War. The exhibit focuses on the themes ofRead MoreThe Most Important Qualities That A Military Organization1116 Words   |  5 Pagesin the World War I made it complicated to verify who the successful is or if there was really a winner. This is obvious that the remarkable circumstances encouraged the US and European powers to bring a tremendous change in their army units and obtain new equipment in order to achieve a comprehensive and sustainable victory in the context of wars. New technology and doctrine were the most important quality factors in the military organization that successful innovate after World War I. In sum, theRead MoreThe Security of the Unnited States1309 Words   |  5 Pagescomplicates efforts to develop a comprehensive strategy to defeat irregular threats. To facilitate understanding of the similaritie s and inherent differences between COIN and IW, military professionals must recognize first and foremost that COIN occupies a component within IW and is not a separate type of warfare. The definition of IW requires rewording to change the context relating to how the U.S. views and employs IW in order to facilitate the creation of a comprehensive strategy to fight future conflictsRead MoreIndonesi A Successful Model Of A Muslim Nation Practicing Democracy1489 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst two facts mentioned. The cooperation between the United States and Indonesia (a successful model of a Muslim nation practicing democracy) can have far-reaching effects past Indonesia’s regional Southeast Asian boarders. In this assessment of Indonesia, I will discuss the significance of Indonesia to America and regional effect on its Southeast Asian neighbors more in-depth. Indonesia plays a significant role to the United States’ ability to having a presence in the Southeast Asia region inRead MoreConflict Analysis And Peacebuilding Planning Essay1143 Words   |  5 Pagesonly enrich our level of analysis, it would also help to come-up-with comprehensive and sustainable peacebuilding plan. In this essay, I will reflect on the conflict, gender and peacebuilding lens discussed in Lisa Schirch’s book (Chapter 9): Conflict Assessment and Peacebuilding Planning: Towards A Participatory Approach to Human Security. First, I will discuss how gender dynamics of conflict are instrumental to conduct comprehensive conflict analysis. Then, I will explain why gender perspectives shouldRead MoreThe Effect Of The Middle Eastern Conflict1290 Words   |  6 PagesIn October of 1973, a short war between Israel and its regional neighbors, Egypt and Syria, nearly brought the United States and the Soviet Union to the brink of war. The dramatic effect the midd le eastern conflict had these two superpower’s relationship is both surprising and concerning. Prior to the Cuban Missile Crises of 1962, a series of threats between the Soviet Union and the United States created distrust and fear between the two countries. Additionally, a large imbalance in power contributedRead MoreThe Global Level Of Openness Essay1477 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice as per Gatlung’s positive peace theory. These findings continue to highlight the need to understand the risks of occurrence violent conflict, as well as the early warning signs of onset in order to address the underlying issues before civil wars erupt and degenerate into regional armed conflicts; thus affecting global security. Although G-8 nations and multiple international organizations (such as the United Nations, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, African Union, SouthernRead More18th Century Constitution Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesgridlock. Decisions cannot be m ade because there is insufficient agreement between institutions. In contrast with the countries of western Europe, the US has, [critics] argue, been unable to impose effective gun control or establish comprehensive health-care provision because decision making requires such a widely shared consensus. This gridlock is one of the reasons that some have come to call the US Constitution an 18th Century Strait-Jacket. Of course there are various

Corporate Responsibility Is a Part of the Business Approach

Question: How Service Providers Should Maintain Effective Communication With The Clients? Answer: Introducation: At the current scenario, the emergence of child labor has become a raising issue due to which large number of children has to face violence after being associated with a private firm. Due to the social and economic barrier people, belonging to the backward society has to impose their children in earning bread and butter for their family. In this kind of situation, the social life balance is getting hampered day by day. Large sections of people tend to involve themselves in business firms rather than developing their skills and competencies. In this kind of situation, the society is getting underdeveloped day by day. This particular study has provided an in-depth analysis about this specific social issue (Schneider and Schmidpeter 2012). Child labor has become an emerging issue at the current scenario. After the evaluation of this social problem, large number of organizations has stretched their hands to deal with these kinds of social issues. In this specific study, Red Cross has been selected as the chosen organization. As per the current market scenario of Red Cross this particular organization is one of the largest and recognizable brands (redcross.org.au. 2017). This particular organization primarily aims to grab their brand identity and image by fulfill various corporate social responsibility (Carroll 2015). While running their entire business process in the market Red Cross primarily deals with various corporate social responsibilities. Re-connecting families, disaster recovery, child rescue are the necessary activities that this particular organization tends to follow. Among all these corporate responsibility approaches, the issue of child labor is most emerging at the current scenario. The research and development team of Red Cross has observed that millions of children belonging to the backward society tend to invest their entire attention in a business firm. As a result, they get little scope to maintain their e ducation process (Aguinis and Glavas 2012). In this kind of situation, this particular organization has decided to stand beside those children who have to take the burden of their family. In order to deal with those children Red Cross has implemented various approaches towards corporate (Cheng, Ioannou and Serafeim 2014). On one hand, their approaches help to develop the mind of society people; on the other hand, Red Cross is able to grab the attention in global market after evaluating these corporate responsibilities. Goals and objective of CR approach: Corporate responsibility is a part of business approach that primarily helps a business organization to establish their brand in the global market with the help of maintaining some of the major corporate ethics and responsibilities. People belonging to different geographical market cannot be aware of the products and service process of an organization (Dhaliwal et al. 2012). Therefore, in order to grab the attention of people belonging to different geographical market corporate responsibility can be considered as one of the most effective business strategy and policy. The primary goal of corporate responsibility approach is constituted with two factors. On one hand, the organization like Red Cross gets the scope to achieve the recognition of their brands and products. On the other hand, the business organization helps to resolve the emerging social problems in order to maintain balance within the society. Based on that particular social problem that is child labor this organization h as raised their voice fervently (Brammer, Jackson and Matten 2012). Red Cross is successful to rescues thousands of children from the private firm and gives them a social peaceful life. After this kind of initiative, this organization has achieved immense recognition and prestige in the market of Australia and beyond Australia as well. However, the primary objectives of CR approaches are as follows: To gain the organizational reputation in the international market by spreading their hands towards the development of society To educate the society so that the people can get the right path for their further progress To provide some of the major recommendations on how the society can be developed by taking some of the most effective measures In this particular study, the various goals and objectives of maintaining CR approach for Red Cross has been highlighted. Red Cross being one of the most prestigious non-profit brands prevailing in the market of Australia has focused to maintain CR approach in order to enhance their entire business process (Servaes and Tamayo 2013). It has been observed that child labor in the market of Australia is an emerging social issue. Larger number of non-profit organizations is taking initiatives in order to resolve this issue. Therefore, Red Cross being a reputed brand had to face major market threat from its competitors. In this kind of situation, the business experts have decided to take an effective step regarding this specific issue. The organizations experts have arranged to make an effective counseling session with the parents of those children in order to make them understand about the value of education (Singh 2016). Ethical consideration: In order to run the business process in the market every organization has to follow a proper ethics, values and beliefs. People belonging to different geographical boundaries tend to face this kind of issue like child labor. Therefore, as per the organizational ethics Red Cross has to pay equal priority and response to every kind of people belonging to different religions and attitudes (Mirvis 2012). However, while leading the organization in the market of Australia Red Cross should follow some of the major ethical considerations and that are as follows: Service providers should maintain effective communication with the clients: After conducting an effective survey it has been evaluated that large number of children have to support their parents to lead the members of family. People belonging to different geographical boundaries can take an effective service of Red Cross. Therefore, the service providers are responsible to maintain an effective communication with the clients. Clients may be from different geographical corners having various linguistic styles. Therefore, the customer service executives have to be flexible in various languages so that they can handle the problems of different clients (Kilkenny 2014). In order to maintain equality the business experts of Red Cross has instructed the customers service executives to follow both verbal and non-verbal communication. The persons who are having language barrier can maintain an effective non-verbal communication so that they can express their needs. One of the most recognizable factors of Red Cross is that the organization is much flexible in dealing with the clients of different geographical markets (Jo and Harjoto 2012). After rescuing the children the organizational experts can provide benefits and facilities for maintaining their higher education: As per the ethical beliefs of Red Cross, rescuing those children from being exploited to a business owner is not the only mission of business experts. After rescuing those children, Red Cross tends to provide necessary facilities and benefits to the children either by cash or by kinds so that those children can settle down in their career (Ju?ius and Snieka 2015). In addition, the organization is very much flexible to communicate with the parents in order to make them understand about the importance of education and skill. It is evident that this specific initiative has saved large number of children from being tortured in the hand of firm owners. Red Cross should follow necessary acts and regulations at the workplace as well for the benefit of employees Along with the outside service process, Red Cross should follow corporate responsibility towards their employees as well. In order to render the success of business the employee performance is one of the most effective factors based on which a specific organization set a goal (Salib et al. 2015). However, large number of employees is intimately associated within the service process of Red Cross. Therefore, the organization has decided to implement some of the major acts and regulations at the workplace such as health and safety act, right to information act, anti-discrimination act, data protection act and gender equity act. Key sites of value creation: In order to enhance the performance level of employees the business experts of Red Cross tends to follow some of the major values in order to get quality service from the employees. Value creation is the business strategy and policy with the help of which the performance level of the employees can be enhanced. This particular strategy motivates the employees towards reaching the business goal (Bank 2012). However, the key sites of value creation that Red Cross tends to follow include skilled corporate management, incentives for the individual employees, growth of financial resource, structured corporate governance and so many. In order to gain the trust and image of an organization Red Cross has maintained their corporate management process effectively in the market. Millions of children who had been exploited in the hands of business owners had been rescued. As a result, people belonging to different geographical boundaries would have been treated with equal respect and dignity. As per the value creation strategy of Red Cross, it is undeniable that employees play a major role in rendering the performance of an organization. Therefore, employees motivation is one of the most effective factors based on which employees can be encouraged towards the business process (Hopkins 2012). Employees of Red Cross get incentives and other rewards and recognitions while providing good services towards the business organizations. On one hand, the organization is getting benefited. On the other, employees receives immense courage for performing well towards the business process. Summary: While maintaining the corporate responsibilities Red Cross had to face innumerable challenges in order to make the business strategy successful. After identifying the social problem, the business experts intended to visit the residence of those parents first. As per the concept of those parents the education and mental development is less important than earning money. In order to lead a family children have to work hard. Therefore, to some extent parents are helpless in this kind of situation. However, after collecting data from the parents, the volunteers of Red Cross intended to take an effective session with those parents. While conducting the session the concerned persons had to face innumerable difficulties. Parents were unable to make an effective response to the volunteers due to their language barrier. On the other hand, their way of approach was not very much suitable for the employees of Red Cross to an effective communication. However, despite facing innumerable challenges the volunteers intended to take an effective measure for convincing the parents. At the same time, it is also undeniable that people belonging to different geographical markets have issues with psychology. Red Cross as per their ethical issue was not restricted within certain geographical boundaries. Therefore, in order to expand their entire process of business in various geographical markets the business experts had to design their service process in an innovative way. As a result, the customers of different psychological backgrounds and beliefs can use the service. However, before gathering data regarding the current needs and demands of market, this particular business organization had to make an effective marker review. The survey executives had to face innumerable difficulties while collecting necessary information regarding the needs and demands of the customers belonging to various boundaries and markets. Reference List: Aguinis, H. and Glavas, A., 2012. What we know and dont know about corporate social responsibility a review and research agenda.Journal of management,38(4), pp.932-968. Bank, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility.retrieved on,19(12), p.2012. Brammer, S., Jackson, G. and Matten, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance.Socio-economic review,10(1), pp.3-28. Carroll, A.B., 2015. Corporate social responsibility.Organizational Dynamics,44(2), pp.87-96. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), pp.1-23. Dhaliwal, D.S., Radhakrishnan, S., Tsang, A. and Yang, Y.G., 2012. Nonfinancial disclosure and analyst forecast accuracy: International evidence on corporate social responsibility disclosure.The Accounting Review,87(3), pp.723-759. Hopkins, M., 2012.The planetary bargain: Corporate social responsibility matters. Routledge. Jo, H. and Harjoto, M.A., 2012. The causal effect of corporate governance on corporate social responsibility.Journal of business ethics,106(1), pp.53-72. Ju?ius, V. and Snieka, V., 2015. Influence of corporate social responsibility on competitive abilities of corporations.Engineering Economics,58(3). Kilkenny, S., 2014. Corporate Social Responsibility.Network Journal,21(3), p.24. Mirvis, P.H., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility.The Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management: Short Entries, pp.153-159. Mousavi, Z., Beiranvand, F., Moeinfar, Z. and Amouzesh, N., 2013. Corporate Social Responsibility.Life Sci J,10(6s), pp.8-10. Redcross.org.au. 2017.Humanitarian Aid - Donate or Join Us | Australian Red Cross. [online] Available at: https://www.redcross.org.au/ [Accessed 13 May 2017]. Salib, J., Sun, D., Wu, J., Wen, X. and Huang, C.C., 2015. Corporate Social Responsibility. Schneider, A. and Schmidpeter, R., 2012. Corporate social responsibility.Verantwortliche Unternehmensfhrung in der Praxis, Berlin ua. Servaes, H. and Tamayo, A., 2013. The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of customer awareness.Management Science,59(5), pp.1045-1061. Singh, B.J.R., 2016. Corporate social responsibility in India.International Journal of Higher Education Research Development,

Agricultural Growth and Reforms in Australia

Question: Write an essay about the "Agricultural Growth and Reforms in Australia". Answer: Introduction Agriculture is a major and most crucial economic activity to all countries in the whole world. It is an art where the soil is cultivated to produce crops while animals are raised with an aim of producing food and other products (Bareja, 2014). He also noted that this practice is carried out for economic gains. He noted that agriculture has a great coverage; starting from science, business, practice and even legal matters. Some people may think that they fully understand what agriculture entails simply because they undertake this practice every day, but in the real sense they dont. Agriculture is described as both a science in that its foundation is on scientific facts and art in that it need skills. Due to the broad coverage of agriculture, it has been described differently by many researchers. There is no single definition that can cover all its practices; it is mostly limited to crops and animal production, but it covers areas like forestry, fisheries, and many other activities. Rimando (2004) defined agriculture as a systematic process where useful plants and animals are raised through management by man. Rubenstein (2003) defines it as a practice where a proportion of the surface of the earth is modified through a deliberate effort through crops cultivation and raising of animals aiming at ensuring sustenance or for economic gain. This research will consider the many factors contributing to the production growth of agriculture industry in Australia. Some of the factors that has facilitated this growth include; the availability of ready markets both at the national and international level which has resulted in an increase price of products; the abolishment of agricultural subsidies which has made the farmers to become more competitive; investment in research and development; the availability of financial support to the small-scale farmers to help them in management of farming risks, etc. Other factors have also contributed to stagnated growth. These include factors such as reduction in investment on RD, poor climates, pest, and diseases, etc. Both the negative and positive factors will be considered under the agricultural development in Australia. History of Agriculture This practice was started a very long time ago. Before the 1950s, the Australian economy was thriving from its increased production of agricultural products. It even became a leading exporter of food, grains and meat. Wool production was a main source of income in this period. However, it has been noted that there was a proportionate decline in the income from wools for the period 1901-2009. This has also been accompanied by a reduced number of the people employed in agriculture farms from 14 % to 3 %. This is despite the increased number of livestock and profitable industries on exporting agricultural products. Their farmers supply the highest proportion of Australian food. Many changed have been introduced to the farming methods over the years. Farmers have adapted to the modern methods that have resulted in increased production. Technology has facilitated the mechanization of farming methods (Langridge, Cordell and DOcchio, 2014). The climate of Australia does not favor agricultural practices in all its parts; for this reason, agricultural mix of dryland and irrigation farming are used. Some areas receive very little rainfall such that it cant support agriculture. Farming in these areas has been possible through only irrigation. Areas of rich fertile soils and high rainfall are used for crops and daily farming, whereas those of low soil fertility are used for pastoralism. This explains the difference in the land proportions used for agriculture among the states. Fig: Distribution of land proportions used for agriculture in the Australian States in 2011. Source: ABS Agricultural Commodities, Australia, 201011 (cat. no. 7121.0) The higher the proportion of land spent on agriculture, the higher the amount of rainfall received. Queensland in the report was leading in the proportion of land used while Tasmania had the least proportion. Importance of Agriculture Agriculture in Australia has had a high percentage contribution to the GDP share. It is the primary source of food for Australian citizens and others outside countries through exportation. 93 % of food consumed in Australia is produced locally (Batt, 2015) It is essential for many people especially those who are low-incomers in that, it provides some income to these people and also saving the money that would otherwise be used to buying food. It is also a source of employment; the advancement in technology has led to extensive farming where a significant number of human resource is an essential input. Batt noted that, in the 2nd quarter of 2015, the number of people employed in agriculture was 307,000. There are so many people employed in agricultural farms (Gray, Oss-Emer and Sheng, 2014). Fig: Contribution of agriculture to Australian GDP It is illustrated above that there has been a rising trend in the contribution of agriculture to the Australian GDP. The contribution was at the lowest level in 2007 (i.e. during the Global Financial Crises), however, it recovered in 2008 when it started rising again. Highest levels were recorded in 2013 and in 2015. The contribution started falling in the 3rd quarter of 2015; there is a falling trend since then. Problems Facing Agricultural Production in Australia Many factors have contributed to the prosperity and depression (boom and bust) of agricultural production in Australia (Clark, 2003). These factors are; the fact that Australia has unreliable climate as in the whole world it is the driest continent. The growing season of Australia is mostly below five months, those above five months accounts for only 25 %. The adaptation of plants and animals to Australian conditions were poor. The Australian local population is small and heavily dependent on overseas markets. For a very long time, the range of products the economy has been depending on is limited (i.e. wheat, cattle and sheep). The soils are poor and infertile, and the quality of their pastures are low. Pests infestation, weeds, and diseases are a major threat to the farmers. Tools and Machinery used are inadequate, and the inputs and labor costs are high. Demand and supply keep on fluctuating, and farmers lack information, transportation, and communication. Markets are located in d istant areas. There are high risks and the income to the farmers is uncertain. The global market is competitive and highly protected. Thus, economic efficiency is needed for competing on the world market. The other problem facing Australian agriculture is the shortage of skilled labor. Unlike the past where young people engaged in farming activities, currently, it is done by the elderly (Abs.gov.au, 2016). Due to the effects of reduced production owing to the poor climatic fluctuations, graduates are discouraged from pursuing courses in Agriculture. Fig: Farmers age profiles Source: 4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, Dec 2012. Currently, most of the farmers lie within the range of 45-69 years, but in the past, the range was between 25-59 years. Sustainability in Australian Agriculture Clark (2003) noted some requirements for agriculturalist to achieve sustainability in agriculture production in Australia. These requirements include what agriculturalists must do. They must seek more education and training to improve their managerial skills. Must plan for the whole farm to maintain and enhance resources. Must base their production on what the consumers want and also have some long-term planning. Must research on the consumers and market requirements and consistently produce high-quality products. Must have access to up-to-date information. Must stabilize income by reducing risks through diversification. The plants and animals used must be suitable to the prevailing environment. The climate must be modified through irrigation, mulching, housing animals, windbreaks, and glasshouses. Must not exceed the lands capability in use. Technological developments and innovations must be applied. Resources must be improved, for example through; green manuring, crops rotation, use of fertilizers, minimum tillage operations, legume-based pastures and conservation of oil practices. Must apply sustainable practices such as land care and catchment management. Must add value to the produced products to raise their value. E.g. processing of products. Natural environment, economic and social conditions should be protected and improved, and all the farmed species needs a safeguard on their health and welfare (Saiplatform.org, 2016). Sustainable agriculture according to Gold (2016) is achievable when the current production is able to satisfy the present basic needs, and the resources preserved for supporting the future generation. Agricultural Developments in Australia Owing to the many challenges that are facing farmers in Australia, there has been some development aimed at solving the issues preventing the farmers from maximizing their production. Some of the issues have led to the establishment of various reforms. Despite the challenges faced, agricultural production in Australia has remained to be high. Financial Support This reform was mainly aimed at stimulating the development of small-scale farmers. The income received by this farmers is uneven and not sufficient for expansion. Johnston and Frengley (1994) argued that, because these farmers have an insured income, it is very difficult for them to access loans from loaning institutions. Due to their poor state, financial institutions believe that their possibility of defaulting on their loan is very high. They are considered to be risky borrowers. Johnson and Forbes (2000) noted that the introduction of microfinance institutions will facilitate the accessibility of loans to these farmers enabling them to expand their production capacity. The greatest problem facing many economies is that they have potential, but yet their production level is below capacity. Infrastructure Increased government spending leads to improved infrastructure. Some farmers produce their goods but are not able to get them to the market. Bad roads and communication infrastructure are the major factors responsible for this. Development of infrastructure would enable many farmers to reach the potential buyers. Agricultural products are highly perishable, thus, they require fast means of getting them to the market. Better means of communication will save the costs of looking for buyers and that incurred when the farmers are not able to get buyers on time, consequently resulting in products getting spoiled. Minimization of Trade barriers Foreign markets provide a large market for both imports and exports. Like any other country, Australia has its trading barriers and regulations. To boost agricultural growth, the Australian government has imposed barriers against the importation of agricultural inputs and also agricultural products that are domestically produced. Importation of outputs hinders agricultural growth in an economy in that, when the price of imports is lower compared to domestic price, consumers will prefer importing rather than demanding locally. This causes the farmers to lose the market for their products causing them to end up selling at very low prices. Trade agreements between Australian and some other large countries have been formed allowing for the free flow of commodities across the regions. The easing of the exporting term of trade with this nations enables farmers to sell their products in the international market thereby creating a large market base. Since the exporting firms are able to secu re higher prices in the international markets, it is assumed that the price they offer the farmers for their produces tend to be higher. This creates the incentives on the part of the producers to produce more. Reforms on Taxes There has been the establishment of Farm Management Deposits (FMDs) legislation aim at containing the financial risks faced by the small scale business owners. There are many factors responsible for subjecting farmers to financial risks. These factors include the climatic changes where poor climates cause low levels of production; market price fluctuation where low market prices result in losses being made by the farmers; and finally the natural disasters. The major concept behind this is the presence of agricultural boom and busts. According to a report by Ato.gov.au (2016), this program is designed to enlighten the farmers on the need to have some saving. They solve their risks by using the saved amount. The legislation allows farmers to deposit some money in the scheme when they make huge profits during a boom period; this deposited amount can be withdrawn during low profits period. Chan (2014) noted that this scheme is much attractive to the farmers as the money deposited is tax-free; taxation only applies during withdrawal. It is important to primary producers as it complements other strategies used in risk management. The eligibility of joining the scheme are; at the time of making the deposit, one must be operating a primary operating business. Must be an individual as a partnership does not qualify for the scheme. The depositors non-primary production taxable income must not be more than $100,000. Initially, $400,000 was the set maximum amount for a single deposit; the minimum amount being $1000. However, there was a proposition on the need to raise this maximum amount to $ 800,000 as from 1st July 2016 (Agriculture.gov.au, 2015). Reforms on Water Shortage Water shortage is a major problem facing many areas of Australia. Due to poor climatic conditions, some areas have not been able to produce crops; some land has been left unused because they are so dry to support agricultural activities. Owing to this reason, some farmers are seeking irrigation methods to support crops life. To encourage agriculture, there was a proposal to build dams in New South Wales and Victoria. The idea of dams construction to boost crop production by making water available is the greatest reform (ABC Rural, 2015). The government is also enlightening citizens on the need to conserve and recycle water. Boreholes drilling in the dry areas is a significant innovation. Fig: Water consumption level in Australia Source: 4655.0.55.002 - Information Paper: Towards the Australian Environmental-Economic Accounts, 2013. The highest proportion of water available in Australia is consumed on Agriculture, forestry and fisheries. The graph above represents 55 % of the total water and 63% of water consumed by this industry. Agricultural Subsidies The department of Australian Agriculture and Water Resource and the government are providing financial assistance and grant programs to individual and Australian businesses to raise their productivity and to boost exports. The increasing variable climate faced by farmers and primary producers has led to the introduction of drought and rural assistance to help them in managing and becoming prepared for drought effects and other challenges. A report by Keogh (2011) noted that the level of agricultural subsidies in Australia is too low. In 2010, Australia was recorded to be the second last economy with the least agricultural subsidies; New Zealand being the last. Hopkins (2009) and Turnbull (2014) noted these farmers are among those with the least government support. Subsidies to boost exports in Australia has been noted to have adverse effects on the farmers (Mather and Earl, 2015). Australian producers of fruits, meat, sugar, wine, cotton, and dairy, could become more competitive with the abolition of subsidies; this was noted by Andrew Robb the Trade Minister. The livelihood of Australian farmers has for decades been threatened by export subsidies. Mather and Earl pointed out that the Australian Trade Policy has since the 1970s aimed at ending these subsidies. Urban Farming Food security has been recognized to be a major problem for developing countries. There is a challenge in providing food that is sufficient and easily accessible. Bearing the fact that more than 90 % of Australian live in the cities, food security is a major issue in the urban areas than in the countryside (Burton, 2012). The growth of population has raised the demand for food. Most of the food consumed in the urban cities is that produced in the rural areas. The food requires transportation for it to get to the urban markets and factors such as rising oil prices may raise the cost of shipping. Burton noted that the best idea in curbing this issue of food insecurity would be to by growing more food in the cities. Urban agriculture has been under-developed for many years with few small-scale farmers growing some crops in their backyards. The major challenge facing the expansion of urban agriculture is the land size since more investors are interested in buildings constructions. Carey, Sheridan and Larsen (2015) argued that in an attempt to accommodate the rising population in the Australian cities, the land available for agriculture is diminishing. Agricultural RD In Australia, productivity growth has mostly been influenced by investment in RD (Mullen, 2007). The report by Neales (2013) noted that there have been a significant reduction in the spending on agricultural research. She noted that this was undermining its ability of becoming a food bowl. The drop was observed since 2000 with the stagnation in production. Most farmers do not have advanced skills in production. RD investments contribute to instilling knowledge on the farmers on the new and efficient means of production. Dr. Mullen and Mr. Koegh argued that the predicted growth of agriculture by the year 2050 will only be achieved through a significance increase in research and development. Pruning the investment on RD could not achieve the predicted target. Mr. Koegh argued that agricultural productivity growth may contribute much towards an agricultural boom than an increased use of land or water. The study by Professor Pardey on public investment on agriculture RD that involved ran king a combination of 126 developing and developed countries revealed that the reduced spending lowered the rank of Australia from 9th to 16th (Neales, 2013). Conclusions Many developments have been enriched in the field of agriculture over the years. It has also evolved to require policy regulations by the government. The role of the government in an economy is ensuring that sustainable agriculture is ensured. Sustainability in agriculture entails the efficient production of high quality and safe agricultural products without posing risks to the natural environment, farmers economic and social conditions, those of employees and the local communities. The most critical factors identified to have a stagnation in agricultural growth in Australia are; reduced investment in RD, export subsidies and climatic conditions. The government has played an important role in promoting agricultural growth, but in some cases, it limited its growth. For instance, when there is low rainfalls and the level of water in the rivers get to low, the government impose a restriction on the use of water for irrigation. This is conflicting with the role of promoting agricultural growth. The government is future-oriented and is thus mostly interested in ensuring that the use of resources does not undermine the future production. It regulates all the farming practices to ensure sustainability. Without the intervention of the government, agriculture in Australia could be underdeveloped. Farmers would care more about profits and less care for the future. This could negatively impact the environmental, economic and social conditions. Bibliography ABC Rural, (2015). Farmers approve of White Paper vision. Abs.gov.au. (2016). 4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, Dec 2012. Agriculture.gov.au. (2015). Home Farm Management Deposits. Ato.gov.au. (2016). Farm management deposits scheme | Australian Taxation Office. Australia.gov.au. (2016). Australian farming and agriculture grazing and cropping | australia.gov.au. Carey, R., Sheridan, J. and Larsen, K. (2015). To feed growing cities we need to stop urban sprawl eating up our food supply. Chan, G. (2014). Australian farmers hold $3.21bn in farm management deposits. [Online] the Guardian. Bareja, B. (2014). What is Agriculture: Definition and Concept. CropsReview.Com. Retrieved 24 May 2016, Clark, A. (2003). Senior Australian agriculture. Glebe, N.S.W.: Pascal Press. Gold, M. (2016). Sustainable Agriculture: Definitions and Terms | Alternative Farming Systems Information Center. Gray, E., Oss-Emer, M. and Sheng, Y. (2014). Australian agricultural productivity growth. Johnson, R. and Forbes, R. (2000). Recent productivity trends in New Zealand primary sectors.